Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 13

Management - Essay Example Management, during the middle and late 1800s was not a formal field of study. The emergence of early thoughts regarding management, when looked from today’s perspective was a mere response to the problems that had arisen during those times. The start of industrial revolution had prompted management to emerge as a formal course of study over the years to follow. The shift from agriculture to manufacturing during the industrial revolution had resulted in the increase in urbanization and growth in factories. This overall growth in production called for a greater integration and facilitation of efforts of a huge number of people. In order to ensure adequate production, managers were forced to address certain issues. Even when these issues were addressed in an organized field of study back then, there were some ideas that laid down the groundwork for management as a discipline to emerge. These ideas were classified as the pre-classical viewpoint. Robert Owen’s pioneering idea was that he â€Å"advocated concern for the working and living conditions of workers (Bartol 2001, 39).† Being a cotton mill entrepreneur in Scotland, Owen considered providing considerable improvements to the work environment of its workforce. According to Bartol, â€Å"Owen tried to improve the living conditions of the employees by upgrading streets, houses, sanitation, and the educational system in New Lanark, [Scotland] (2001, 39).† Owen’s idea seemed to be relevant today, being the cornerstone of the modern human resource management philosophy. Charles Babbage was known for the first practical mechanical calculator that laid the foundation for the modern calculators and computers. In pursuit of his projects, Babbage was able to find ways to address problems that he faced. These explorations of ways lead Babbage to some ideas such as prediction of work specialization and profit sharing plan, which had been his contribution to management theory.

How Exterior Environments Effect The Home Depot Corporation Term Paper

How Exterior Environments Effect The Home Depot Corporation - Term Paper Example vironments, since the challenges brought in by these environments are sometimes considered instrumental in making organisations devise mechanisms of overcoming the challenges. The facet of any business operations is to make profit. However, for any organisation to maintain competitive advantage, several factors dictate the success of developing and maintaining competitive advantage. According to Aquinas (2008), one of these factors is the external environments such as social, cultural, religious, legal and political environments. This paper will articulate on these factors and outline their influences on businesses and particularly on The Home Depot Corporation. Apart from internal operations of an organisation, each of the above mentioned external factors have been identified as potential influences of the business. Each of these factors affects businesses in different ways. Nevertheless, the line of business and market determines the level of control that these environments have on the business. For instance, a fast food business would be influenced differently by culture as opposed to how a clothing business would be influenced by the same. In some sit uations, the external environment has been argued to have configured the internal operations of an organisation, something that leads to slow development or boosts organisations returns (Markham, 2011). For instance, cultural factors may force an organisation to design or come up with new products that suits the culture of the target market. Political factors may force organisations to operate under the current political environment, something that may end up affecting the business operations that can lead to losses or slow development. Hatch & Cunliffe (2013) argued that organisations that want to maintain competitive advantage must show their willingness to participating in corporate social responsibility (Parboteeah, & Cullen, 2013). Social responsibility entails handing back to the society by supporting

Why Person Centered Values Are Important Essay Example for Free

Why Person Centered Values Are Important Essay We all have our own values that have developed as a result of our family and childhood experiences, and as a result of our friendships and relationships. Our values are also influenced by people in our local community, as well as by national figures and the media. Support workers in social care are expected to promote particular values. There are two important points to note. First, the idea that learning disability workers are supporting a person. It is not a question of being in charge or in control, because choice and decision-making should lie with the person, as far as possible. Second, it is very important that these principles are part of your everyday work. There should be nothing special about them, they should be part of day-to day life. Within a few days of starting work with people with learning disabilities, it should be clear to you that everyone you work with is an individual, with their own particular likes, dislikes, strengths and personality. Services and support workers should always focus on the individuals they are working with, rather than the needs of a group of people. You and your colleagues should have the hopes, dreams, interests and needs of each person you support as a top priority in your daily work. Why it is important to promote rights  and values When we talk about promoting rights and values, we mean: • actively using those rights and values to influence everything we do • seeing them as having an important role in all our work as learning disability workers  encouraging their use as the standards by which we and others judge the quality of life of the people we support, and the  quality of the services that support them.  This is a big task. The use of values as standards is a huge challenge to services. But the idea is central to the basic principles of supporting people with learning disabilities.  To demonstrate that you have understood this, you should be able to discuss why it is important to work in a way that promotes these values when supporting those who have a learning disability. The following example  should help you to develop the skills you will need to discuss values in relation to the lives of the people you support. Person centred values mean that people with learning disabilities should: • no longer be marginalised and isolated within society • have the same social status as other people • no longer be subject to exploitation and abuse • have their opinions taken seriously • have their adult status recognised • have the same citizenship rights as other people. The General Social Care Council (GSCC) is the organisation set up by the government in 2001 to register and regulate all social care workers. It has produced a Code of Practice which states that social care workers should work in a certain way. You can see some of these requirements in the table below: Code of Practice for Social Care Workers requirements Protect the rights and promote the interests of service users and carers Strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of service Users and carers Promote the independence of service users, while protecting them as far as possible from danger or harm Respect the rights of service users, while seeking to ensure that their behaviour does not harm themselves or other people

Development of a Child up to 2 Years

Development of a Child up to 2 Years 0-8 Months How does your babys eating, sleeping and motor development compare to the typical developmental patterns? At first, she wasnt very hungry and lost a bit of weight, but rebounded pretty quick. Her eating is similar to the patterns of a newborn. Seven was occasionally fussy but we just kept our regular routine and she was fine. She spent most of her time sleeping, similar to other babies at this age. Her sleep pattern is similar to babies at this age, down a couple of hours and then waking up. She goes back to sleep after a little relaxing music or gentle rocking. By 8 months, her motor skills include crawling, sitting up and playing like most other babies at this age. Her gross and fine motor skills are a little behind and the doctor wants more one on one motor skills play. At 8 months of age was your child an easy, slow-to-warm-up, or difficult baby in terms of Thomas and Chesss classic temperamental categories? On what do you base this judgement? She is a slow-to-warm-up child. She is a bit clingy and doesnt really accept new situations. She is content with us but hesitant with others. Seven has typical emotional reactions for her age, such as fear of strangers, separation anxiety and crying when upset. How is your childs attachment to you and your partner developing? What is happening at the 3-month and 8-month periods that might affect attachment security according to Bowlby and Ainsworth, and various research studies? Seven is comfortable with her father but seems to want to be with me primarily (especially when shes upset.) Because we popped up every time Seven seemed slightly uncomfortable, we feel that we are to blame for the sheltered attachment. During the attachment-in-the-making phase, Seven developed a preference for me over others. She does not care for it when I leave her with her grandmother, this is separation anxiety and normal for this age. Describe and give examples of changes in your childs exploratory or problem solving behavior from 8 through 18 months and categorize them according to Piagetian and information processing theories. Note that 8 months is included, so youll need to use the time-line to look back at 8 months for examples. Seven was a very active crawler at 8 months, at home, not so much at the doctors office. I encouraged more crawling by allowing her free roam of our home. Seven is able to find a hidden object,(object permanence) as long as we dont distract her while shes looking for it. If we change up the hiding place she will still want to look in the previous hiding place. This curious error was first discover by Piaget. She wasnt able to walk, but she could almost stand on her own. She was able to imitate new words at 12 months. Seven now clearly understands a couple of dozen words. In fact, Seven pronounced her first clear word and pointed at the object in question. At 18 months, Seven was a little above for her age. She built a block tower to model one made by the examiner. At the 19-month assessment, she was again behind in gross motor skills. That just meant more gym time. Seven was able to concentrate very well during all of the informal testing, and if this continues, she will be more than ready for preschool-type activities, which require children to stay on task or remain in group time for 10-15 minutes. Analyze your babys temperament in more detail at 18 months than you did at 8 months. How would you describe your baby in terms of the five aspects of temperament utilized by the Virtual Child program (activity, sociability, emotionality, aggressiveness vs. cooperativeness, and self-control)? Has your babys temperament been stable over the first 18 months? A blurb defining and providing examples of the five aspects of temperament is provided at 12 months, but you should seek out further explanations of temperament from your textbook. Explain how the concept of goodness of fit (also discussed in the blurb on infant temperament) applies to your interactions with your child. Activity- Sevens activity level was normal. She had an incredible drive to use her motor skills. She often took on problems too difficult for her age. This was consistent with her disposition when she was younger. She was shy during her assessments, but at home was very active, and grew up to be very active and quite talkative. Sociability- Seven was a bit of an introvert. She was talkative at home, but there were few adults that she was comfortable with, and would become upset by new situations. She was very shy in new situations and around new people. Emotionality- Sevens range of emotions seemed to decrease from 9 months to 18. She seemed to be emotionally solid. She played well with others until one of the other children wanted to take her toys. Aggressiveness v. Cooperativeness- Seven was not aggressive at the assessment, unless another child tried to take a toy from her. She was cooperative with the examiner. Self-Control- There are no issues with self-control. Were you surprised by anything in the developmental assessment at 19 months? That is, does your perception of your childs physical, cognitive, language and social development differ from that of the developmental examiner? Give specific examples. If you were not surprised, write instead about some aspects of your childs development that need the most work. We were told at the assessment that while she was advanced in fine motor skills and problem solving abilities she was behind (again) in gross motor skills. Seven scored above average in all aspects of language development, and is ready to be read aloud to more frequently, as she can follow typical story lines. We are going to continue to introduce Seven to new situations and new people and try to work on the shyness just a bit. If she is introverted, so be ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 2 years: Have there been any environmental events in your childs first 2  ½ years that you think might have influenced his or her behavior? On what do you base your hypotheses? Nothing out of the ordinary has influenced our child. We have a normal home life and introduce her to situations with us by her side. We have gotten her around to new people and children around her own age. We allow her to have a bit more freedom. We show her that there are limits and consequences. I understand her reactions and allow her to feel comfortable but at times push her to step out of her comfort zone while being supervised. I base this hypotheses on watching her around other children. It is a fine line to walk as a parent having to supervise but not hover. Help without completing the task and allow freedom to find out consequences. How is your child progressing on the typical toddler issues, such as learning household rules, learning to follow routines, listening to you, developing self-control and learning to get along with other children? While playing with a group of children, Seven was timid at first, but she spent a few minutes watching other kids play before she joined in. She was not aggressive, but sometimes would say Mine! when other kids wanted to play with her toy. Seven learned to get along with other children by smiling and giving up the toy. (Not sure if that is going along to get along) Seven is toilet-trained now. We have rules and make her use her words when wanting something. We still have to work with Seven on the gross motor skills (more gym time.) Analyze your own parenting philosophy and practices. What principles from social learning theory, Bowlby, Ainsworth, Piaget, Vygotsky, information processing theory, developmental neuroscience and other theories do you appear to have relied on in making your parenting choices or interpreting your childs behavior? Include three principles/theorists from the above list in your answer. Different situations call for different theories. We used Skinners example of operant conditioning, providing positive reinforcement when she used the toilet. For the fine motor skills, we used Banduras modeling giving on problem solving. We also implemented Ainsworths Attachment Theory. Seven is clingy and feels uncomfortable in some situations that she is placed in. We will continue to work on this.

Noise Reduction In Hearing Aids :: essays research papers

Recently in a local hearing clinic, a client’s concerns were discussed. â€Å"I’m afraid I won’t like them. My brother in law bought two hearing aids, and he keeps them in a drawer in the kitchen.† While the number of people dissatisfied with their hearing aids hovers around 50%, the hearing aid industry is hard pressed to decrease the number of returns, and increase the average daily use of each aid. In order to accomplish this, hearing aid manufacturers must answer the most often heard complaint: â€Å"It doesn’t work well in noise.† Unfortunately, a hearing aid will never be able to accomplish the sifting and sorting that is carried out in the human brain. While a person with normal hearing sits in a restaurant, he can distinguish a conversational speech signal that is as little as three decibels greater than the ambient noise. On the other hand, a person with a 30-decibel sensorineural loss might need the speech signal to be 15 or more decibels greater than the ambient noise. The hearing aid’s task is to acoustically or electronically compensate for both the neurological shortcomings of the hearing impaired person and the wide band increase inherent in any basic amplifier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acoustic compensation can be carried out in a hearing aid microphone. Most hearing aids today utilize omnidirectional microphones, which pick up sound equally from all directions. This may be beneficial and practical in some cases, as in the completely in the canal (CIC) aid. The CIC aid uses the natural funneling of the auricle in order to focus sound directly into the instrument. Behind-the-ear (BTE) and full concha in-the-ear (ITE) aids lose this anatomical feature, and may benefit from a directional microphone. â€Å"The purpose of using a directional microphone is to focus its sensitivity toward the front of the listener, thereby attenuating or reducing unwanted â€Å"noise† or competition emanating from behind the listener.† (Stach 1998) Microphone directionality can be accomplished by using a single microphone with two sound inlets. In this mechanical method, the time lag created by a sound entering each inlet is precisely calibrated to cancel out sounds from the sides and back of the microphone as they strike the diaphragm. The Phonak MicroZoom uses an electronic approach. Each MicroZoom contains two omnidirectional microphones. According to the flyer, â€Å"One picks up sound in front of you while a second picks up sound from the sides and rear.

Who Is The Hero :: essays research papers

Shane, WHO IS THE HERO? Movies have evolved a great deal since the days when a couple fighting scenes and a small love story satisfied audiences. Today movie plots are much more complicated and have much more action, thanks to modern day technologies. Although these new technologies seem to make movies increasingly complicated, some crucial roles in movies will never change. One thing that has remained constant in the film industry is the role of the hero. No matter what the genera of the film and or when the film was made the hero’s always share similar characteristics and are put through similar series of tests to prove their heroism. When these tests are completed it seems to pull everything together in their films. Although the hero Shane in the movie Shane and the hero Ripley in the movie Aliens are from two separate generas and are also from separate time periods, the hero’s in each movie share characteristics and are put through similar tests that make them, in theory, one in the same. Heroic characteristics start to become evident right from the start of each of the movies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the beginning of the movie Shane we see (the hero) Shane on his horse, coming from the mountains and we are not really given much backround as to where he came from. Similarly, at the beginning of the movie Aliens we see Ripley (the hero) in some sort of bed, and when she is introduced we are not given much backround as to where she is from. In both movies the hero’s were introduced without giving much information on there past. This is a characteristic of movie hero’s because at the start of movies director’s don’t want the audience know much about the hero’s. They do this so the audience has the task of slowly looking for characteristics throughout the movie that makes the â€Å"hero† actually fit his or her title. These so called â€Å"tests† of heroism that the audience must look for are also very similar in movies and can also be illustrated in these two films.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the first tests in both films that the hero’s endured was a test of their character strength. For example in the movie Shane even though Joe doubted him at the start he still sticks up for him when Ryker harasses him because that is what he believes in. This is similar to Ripley’s situation near the beginning of the movie Aliens.

Powerful Presentation Skill Essay

In almost all the business roles today, presentation skill has become a core competency and an inevitable prerequisite for any reasonable job. One of the popular fears among the people, after dogs, snakes heights, water, is public speaking. This category of people usually experience abnormal heartbeats, cold sweats, shivering and the worst, low or high blood pressures. Contrary to this, presentation skill can be developed and achieved through practice and observation. It’s exactly like learning to ride the bike. Here are some quick, tried and tested tips, if followed carefully they will make you a powerful presenter as well as an influential public speaker. Why do we give the presentations? Basically, there are four purposes of giving a presentation. Firstly, to inform your audience about what you know. In other words, it is called informative presentation. Secondly, to train, all the effectiveness of teaching and training activities for students and staff solely depend on the presentation skill of the teacher or trainer. The third purpose of giving a presentation is to persuade the public, our politicians are a very good example of that. During the election campaign, the politicians give persuasive presentations to convince the public to give them the vote. Lastly, sales people give presentations about their products to the customer and clients for the marketing. Pre-presentation Tips †¢Objective Before preparing any presentation one must be clear about the purpose of giving the presentation. Because, if you know clearly what you have to deliver it will help you find how to do it. †¢Content Once the objective is clearly defined, now you should focus the contents of your presentation. It means what is the scope of your talk. What is included and excluded. The contents must be according to the objective and the need of the audience. Through brainstorming, keeping in view your knowledge, audience and the topic, the parameters can be defined to cover the topic extensively. †¢Audience Jim Rohn, the American motivational speaker and writer, says, â€Å"Consider your audience†. It means who they are, what they already know about the topic, how old they are and what language and style they prefer etc. Once you are fully aware of all the facts it will help you tailor your presentation according to the needs of your audience. †¢Time and length People have their peak and low time according to the time of the day. Some people tend to be more active and alert in the morning. Therefore, if you present in the morning you might get positive feedback from your audience. On the other hand after lunch and in the evening people are likely to be drowsy and may not focus on what the presenter says. There, audience should be energized through activities and questions to keep them awake. Whereas, length means the time you are allotted to present. If it exceeds the timeline, you will lose the interest of the audience and the required purposes may not be achieved. †¢Structure One of the important components of success of any presentation is its structure. About the structure of the presentation, Jim Rohn says â€Å"Tell your audience what you are going to say, then say it all and at the end tell them again what you have just told them. In other words, it means introduction, body of the presentation and summary. †¢Take care of yourself The presenter’s health, mood, feelings and emotions matter a lot because if you are suffering from cough, sore throat or otherwise sad and sleepy you can not give a good first impression. So it’s a good idea to take care of your health to avoid any physical or mental distraction. †¢Practice makes perfect Mock presentations given to a group of friends, family members, colleagues or in front of a mirror, will help you grasp the subject and learn the content. As it is said, practice makes perfect. Rehearsal of your presentation will also increase your confidence. Verbal Communication Tips †¢Volume The first and the foremost phenomena in verbal communication is the voice of the presenter. If the presenter has a loud audible voice the message will get across clearly and completely to the audience. Usually, low pitched voices result in the failure of the presentation and the audience loses the interest in that presenter. Try to speak loud and clear but, not so loud that you cause your audience a headache due to your thundering voice. †¢Pace Pace means the speed of your lecture, speech or presentation. As a matter of fact, the listeners have their listening and understanding speed and the speakers have their speaking pace. Both the speeds must align with each other. Therefore, speak in a variety of paces if something is really important or serious, slow down to make your audience understand it. If you are repeating a point or giving a summary of your presentation then you might go with a faster pace. Use a variety of paces but make sure what you are delivering your audience is receiving it in the same way. †¢Pauses Pause is a short period in which something such as a sound or an activity is stopped before starting again. Pauses are like the punctuation marks in the written language. We use pauses or break the sequence of talk so that we might separate the most important to the least important. Besides, pauses create an impact of your words on the minds of the listeners. If you are describing a difficult point or delivering an informative presentation which is complex too, then you must stop briefly at certain points. Pauses give time to the audience to think, realize and absorb the information you are showering upon them. †¢Intonation Intonation is the change of voice as per the nature of the message you want to deliver. Communication experts believe words are lifeless unless we add our vocal variety in it. It is your voice that mixes up your words with feelings and emotions. This mixed voice is called intonation. The pitch and tone of your voice help you make the right intonation according to the message you deliver. For example, if you pass any test or exam you say loudly; Yaaahhhoooo! Now this interjection is expressed through your emotional voice which is intonation. Someone rightly said the voice that comes from heart has a deep impact on the listeners; this voice of the heart is in fact your intonation. As a powerful communicator express your feelings and emotions through your voice and give the heart touching presentations. †¢Avoid Artificial Fillers Artificial filler is either the repetition of a word or a sentence for example, ok, you know, fine etc or uttering some meaningless words like errrrr, aaaah, ehhh etc. Artificial fillers are a must-avoid during the presentation because they make your presentation funny or boring for the audience. A presenter must not repeat a word or a sentence time and again habitually. †¢Humour During Presentaion Well, it depends on the audience and the presentation environment because some presentations are delivered in a strict and serious environment where it is not appropriate at all to use humour or make the audience laugh. On the other hand, if it’s a friendly environment or training then a presenter must entertain the audience through some relevant jokes or funny stories. As it is said â€Å"Laughter is the best medicine† and if a presenter makes the audience smile and laugh they will remain active, energetic and will not feel bored. Do not criticize anyone or make fun of anyone of your audience. This might worsen the situation as most of the people never like to be laughed at. Nonverbal Communication Strategies †¢Body Positioning Nonverbal communication is the communication through body language which is in deed more powerful than the verbal type of communication. As a presenter, you are under the spot light. Every one looks at you during the session that’s why a presenter should stand at a place where he is visible to each and every individual sitting in front of him. During the presentation you must not stand still at one place and deliver the whole presentation there, rather you should change the position according to the situation but at every position your audience must be able to see you clearly. Never turn your back towards your audience. †¢Posture Posture means position of body or the way in which someone usually holds his shoulders, neck and back, or a particular position in which someone stands or sits etc. As you present you must mind your posture, it should be active and energetic. Lazy and inactive postures result in the concentration loss of the audience. Not only this, but the speaker becomes less reliable and unauthentic. Stand straight and confidently, put your shoulders at a relaxed but active positive. Positive postures give a very strong nonverbal message to your audience. †¢Movement The basic difference between speech and presentation is that during the speech the speaker stays at one place and talks but in the presentation the presenter is animated. The presenter moves around in the room purposefully, walks and talks with the audience. Therefore, a presenter must move but the movement has to be purposeful not a continuous movements or the nervous movements. While moving do not lose the eye contact with the audience. Move around but keep looking at the audience. †¢Hands During the presentation, your hands communicate effectively as well. In fact, your hands give meanings to your words and create an impact on the audience. There is a complete language known as Sign Language which is mostly based on hands signals. Do not cross your hands or rest them at the back just leave your arms loose by your sides and as you talk according to the words, sentence or message use your hands and fingers to make your message more meaningful and impressive. †¢Facial Expressions It is said, â€Å"Face is the index of mind†. Whatever we think it comes on the face through these facial expressions we communicate the deepest thoughts of our mind and feelings of our hearts. If you look at someone and smile, the other person will also smile in response and if you look at a child angrily, the child will be afraid of you. Our facial muscles make our face expressions and the facial muscles get activated when either we arouse our feelings and emotions in a certain way. Express yourself through your facial muscles and connect with your audience deeply and give a memorable presentation. †¢Eye Contact Your eyes are your lighthouse. As you talk do not look at the walls, fans or tube lights but the people sitting in front of you. When you look in to the eyes of the people it shows that you are giving them your attention and in response your audience also looks at you. Moreover, eye contact works like an infrared channel that transfers data from your mind to the minds of the listeners. But do not look at one person for more than 5 seconds because it might make him/her uneasy and it will also turn your eye contact to staring. Finally, be confident and practice all the points carefully. Fake it, until you make it and then it will become your natural presentation style.