The Advantage and Disadvantage of Using Social Media Essay Example for Free

The Advantage and Disadvantage of Using Social Media EssayThe advantages establish on my own experiences, at that place are several advantages for marketers to use social media as part of their marketing communications strategies. Social media represent a revolutionary new trend in communication. More and more people begin to use social media to communicate. It is freer, more convenient, faster and cheaper than the old ways, people also roll in the hay disturb more nurture what they want, what is more, people crowd out get in touch with their friend easier. For the company, it can face to their target market precisely. Social media hold a great appoint of customers information, through the information that people share, company can easily know customers hobbits and the goods they like.Social media also increase the communication between customers and marketers. club can get lots of users feedback information and use that information to improve their product. It also help the organization leave a good impression in customers minds. One of the close to important things is that social media not only can help companies advertising well but also nearly have no costs. What social media look at for the company cannot be measured but the cost of it is really low. It lowers the companys advertisement costs.Read moreEssay on advantages and disadvantages of social mediaDisadvantages Based on my own experience, the disadvantages or risks for marketers in using social media as part of their marketing communications strategy are as follows. Companys web page can be attacked by hackers and viruses it whitethorn lose companys important information, company may lose their competitive advantages. Customers can be deceived by the false information online and the extra information may let them get annoyed. The negative comments may damage companies image.The use of the internet may cause the reduction of production efficiency, because employees may busy use the inter net to solve the problem online or update their software so that waste times. Company should learn how to handle a social media and that may waste companys time. Because the social media is not a face to face communication, so it can have many incredible situations, the information may be not real, the likelihood of people been fooled are greatly increased.

Water Pollution Essay Example for Free

Water Pollution EssayOne of the major issues that are of great(p) concern in my town is how toxic heavy metals have been deposited into flowing waters. Toxic heavy metals in water, is as a result of untreated contaminate deposited into lakes, streams, rivers, by manufacturing industries which in turn is consumed by domestic users. The effluent from such industry is deposited into water bodies or could be washed away from the top soils by flood into drainages which is emptied into such water bodies. The presence of these undesirable elements in victualss (fish) is due to the ingestion of water containing industrial and domestic influent.Most of these heavy metals are deposited in the liver of certain vertebrates and fatty tissues of fishes. The amount of each of these elements present in the fish depends on such variables as the amount present in the food chain, size and age of the fishes. Most of these heavy metals (which include Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Zinc e. t. c) are toxic and hazardous to man depending on their concentration in food. Conclusion From my findings, I will recommend that waste from these manufacturing Industries be treated properly, recycled and be properly disposed.ReferenceD. G. Rickard and M. E. R Dully (1983) Environmental Pollution Beries. B

Pathophysiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Pathophysiology of general Lupus ErythematosusIntroductionThis essay provide explore the pathophysiology relating to a call I attended while on consecrate fix as a student technician. The initial call details were that it was a 45 year old female in pain. On our arrival the spacious- wounding was sat in a chair and was breathing rapidly and had a very(prenominal) flushed face. After introducing ourselves and gaining the patients consent we then proceeded to see her basic observations and take her history. Most of her observations were within acceptable limits however her blood pressure was meagrely high, she had a raised pulse at 120 beats per minute and slightly high temperature at 38 degrees Celsius. On questioning the patient had a localised pain score of 8/10 in her back and a pains in her joints and muscles with a pain score of 4/10. When questioned about her medical history, she stated she had a causation called general lupus erythematosus. This is not a condition I had heard of before I, therefore, questioned her more about it.Differential DiagnosisA 20 year-old women patient presented with fag out, heart palpitations and anxiety. Reviewing the patients history revealed that she started experiencing anxiety, fatigue and heart palpitations approximately two years ago when she was fluent pregnant and she arranged to visit her own doctor. At that time her doctor stated that this was was collect to stress. until now, her symptoms became worse after she had another child. She stated that before going into labour she experienced premature contractions, headaches, increased fatigue, and swelling of her legs. Her doctor advised her to stay forward take to the woods and have some bed rest. Shortly after giving birth to her third child, the patient began experiencing dismantleal new symptoms. Her knees and ankles started swelling, she also take aimed sever pain in her knees, wrists, elbows, and fingers. During the winter the patient started feel ing painful and her peripheral joints became discolored whenever exposed to cold. She had recently been admitted to hospital in order for tests to be carried out and although she was still waiting for a definative outcome, a rhueamatology consultant she was under stated he was fairly certain that she had stemic lupus erythematosus.EpidemiologyAccording to Somers et al (2007) approximately five people in every ten thousand gravel from general lupus erythematosus. Ninety percent of patients who are diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus are female (GinzlerTayar 2012 Blank et al 2009). It most normally develops in women aged between 20 and 40 although anyone of any gender and age can develop it at any time. With regards to ethnic origin systemic lupus erythematosus is more prevalent in those with Afro-caribean, Asian or Chinese ancestry. Although there is a possibility of having a genetic pre-dis scene to the unsoundness lone(prenominal) 3 of vitamin C children of those diagn osed with systemic lupus erythematosus entrust go on to develop it. According to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2004) a survey in which it was discover that 100% of patients with System lupus erythematosus were receiving discourse.AetiologyAlthough there is no definate cause of systemic lupus erythematosus (Giannouli 2006), there is thought to be several factors increasing the likelihood of exploitation systemic lupus erythematous they acknowledge Genetics where members of the family have lupus this condition will often increase the childs chances of developing it (Hemminki 2009). It is also thought it can also be triggered by environmental factors such as trauma, ultraviolet rays and also emotional stress. Gender and hormones is thought to be the biggest factor hiting the chances of developing systemic lupus erythematous as it is proven that it mostly affects women than men especially when they are in menstrual periods or in their pregnancy, it is said to o ccur nine times more to women in comparison to men (GinzlerTayar 2012).PathophysiologySystem lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune infirmity. The autoimmune system is responsible for fighting foreign and often harmful bacteria in the human system. However with systemic lupus erythematosus the immune system will attack itself, the pathology of this disease is similar to that of rheumatoid arthritis and can affect any part of the body (GinzlerTayar 2012). Systemic lupus erythematosus smockthorn also occur in the form of periarticular inflammation that affects the tendon sheaths, the illness causes the patient to experience coexisting fibromyalgia that results to poor sleep, chronic disease, inactivity ,mood problems and depression (Knott 2012).Patients who suffer from this condition have abnormalities when it comes to their immune system, this includes the B cell function, apoptosis and also the T cell function. Systemic lupus erythematous mostly attacks the blood vessels, the skin, the heart, nervous system, liver, lungs and the kidneys (Knott 2012). alas when System lupus erythematous persists without effective treatment it may result in serious complications such as stroke, heart inflammation, lung damage, blood clots and if the patient is female it may result in miscarriage or pregnancy complications. Research shows that the exact cause of immune deregulation is not yet clear but it may be as a result of interference of endogenous metabolism that affects the function of antigens in the human system (GinzlerTayar 2012).The abnormalities caused by System lupus erythematosus may turn from one ethnic sort to another for instance East Asians who have this problem they have extra cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 while the white populations abnormalities is observed through and through having more Fc-Y receptors (Hemminki 2009) . For effective diagnosis of System lupus erythematosus it is of essence to deal with specific autoantibodies in order to treat the r oot cause of the disease (GinzlerTayar 2012).The symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus will vary from patient to patient as the signs and symptoms displayed will depend on the body part or system that is being touched by the systemic lupus erythematosus (Arthritis Research UK 2014). However there are some generalised symptoms and these are about to be discussed.Dermatological symptoms caused by systemic lupus erythematosus could include rashes and in some cases a specific rash to the cheeks known as a butterfly rash can be identified (Knott 2012). Another commonplace issue for the majority of people with systemic lupus erythematosus find that they become much more sensitive to sunlight. It is also common for the blood vessels under the skin in the joints to become inflamed and this can lead to poor circulation to these areas (this is called Raynauds phenomenon)(GinzlerTayar 2012). Oral ulceration can sometimes occur for this very reason.Blood disorders have been known to develop especially in children, the most common being anaemia. Having anaemia would obviously cause lethargy and low mood (Giannouli 2006).Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are much more at risk of developing cardiac issues than the general public as the disease often causes inflammation of the blood vessels within the heart, thus increasing the risk of developing atherosclerosis which in turn could lead to a myocardial infarction if one of the blood vessels was to become blocked(Blank et al 2009).If the kidneys were to become inflamed due to the systemic lupus erythematosus, this could cause symptoms including haematuria (blood in the urine). Also, if the kidneys become inflamed this could lead to the patient developing a kidney infection which will result in the patient having discuss to severe back pain (GinzlerTayar 2012).The most common issue for patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus is to do with their joints (Somers et al 2007). Most people suffering from sy stemic lupus erythematosus will develop pain in their muscles, joints and peripheral joints such as joints in their hands and knees can often become inflamed. This can be due to a condition known as Osteonecrosis developing due to the systemic lupus erythematosus (Giannouli 2006). Osteonecrosis is a condition that develops when there is a reduced blood supply to the bones. Osteonecrosis will affect the bones ability to replace old bone with new bone and if an injury is sustained it may never be able to heal mightily (Knott 2012).Most patients find that it is worse when they wake up in the morning and as this is a chronic condition, it can often feel better in periods of remission and more painful during a relapse period (GinzlerTayar 2012).DiagnosisThe cultivate involves the blood tests including antibody tests, urinalysis and a chest X-ray which is mostly overseen by Rheumatology Consultants whose area of specialisation is autoimmune diseases and also soft tissue treatment. Muscu loskeletal symptoms are analysed when trying to diagnose System lupus erythematous and it can be manifested as arthritis or arthralgia in which the patient expresses it as stiffness and pain, when it occurs in System lupus erythematous it can be in the form of migratory or temporary pain and it is difficult to be diagnosed since it may be present when the patient makes the appointment with a doctor only to be resolved in the process of evaluation(Ginzler Tayar 2012 and Knott 2012). Systemic lupus erythematosus caused fewer erosions or fixed deformities unlike rheumatoid arthritis which is much more degernerative to the joints (GinzlerTayar 2012). There is also the possibility of around 4% of the patients will suffer from myositis ( which is the inflamation of the muscle tissue) and this can be examined by taking a biopsy of muscle tissue (Giannouli 2006).Pharmacology and associated treatmentUnfortunately there is no cure for Systemic lupus erythematosus and the treatment plan is b ased on symptom relief as opposed to direct treatment of the disease(GinzlerTayar 2012, Blank et al 2007, Knott 2012). Treatment of Systemic lupus erythematosus is very specific to the individual patient and it always depends in manifestation of the symptoms, the disease severity and most importantly the specific organ affected(Giannouli 2006). In order to ready the most appropriate treatment plan the rheumatology consultant will perform a number of diagnostic tests and depending on what the results are will influence the treatment plan (Giannouli 2006).Patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus will often need to take a group of medications called non-steroidal anti inflammatory do drugss (Knott 2012). This group of medications work by trim down the inflammation in the affected joints and hopefully bring down the amount of pain the patient is in. Some common non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs are ibuprofen, aspirin and diclofenac sodium (these are all available with out a prescription from a pharmacy), the rheumatology consultant may recommend Naproxen or pirixicam in certain circumstances (BNF 2014). With non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs there is a risk that they may cause damage to the lining of the stomach and could even cause ulceration in the stomach when interpreted over long periods of time in high doses(Knott 2012).If the patient is taking frequent non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs they may be prescribed a proton nub inhibitor medication in order to protect the stomach. These medications work by reducing the amount of acid the stomach produced and thus protecting the lining of the stomach (Knott 2012). customary proton pump inhibitor medications include omperazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole and esomeprazole (BNF 2014).A further treratment that a rheumatology consultant may consider is the use of a medication called hydroxychloroquine (Giannouli 2006). Hydroxychloroquine was earlier an anti-malarial drug however it has recen tly started being used to treat the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus and is a disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (also known as DMARD)(Knott 2012). Hydroxychloroquine works by reducing the response from the immune system which is causing the symptoms (this is probably the closest treatment to treating the cause as opposed to just the symptoms). It is used as a long term treatment to try and prevent relapses or flare ups of the disease (GinzlerTayar 2012).Corticosteroids may be used in severe systemic lupus erythematosus (GinzlerTayar 2012). They may be prescribed during relapses of the disease. Corticosteroids work by blocking the normal function of the white blood cells and reducing the inflammation response(Knott 2012). However the negative aspect of this is that it leaves patients very defenseless to infections(GinzlerTayar 2012). Other side effect could include the patients bones becoming more fragile, the skin becoming thinner, hypertension and also weight gain. For this reason corticosteroids will only be used to treat flare ups at the minimum effective dose and then reduce the dose slowly as the symptoms ease. Corticosteroids used in the treatment of this disease are hydrocortisone and predniselone(BNF 2014).Often used in conjunction with corticosteroids during a relapse are a group of medications called immunosuppressants . These medications will work by reducing the action of the immune system and will be used when the immune system is attacking a healthy part of the patients body(Knott 2012). over again these medications will reduce the pateints ability to fight harmful infections and can cause many side effects. Immunosuppresent medications used include azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide (BNF 2014).The final medication to be discussed is called Rituximab. Rituximab was originally created to treat blood cancer however an by-label use for this medication is to treat autoimmune diseases. The way Rituximab works is by destroying the B-Cells(The B-Cells which cause the release of antibodies resulting in the symptoms). As with all the other medications there could be side effects the most common being dizziness and vomiting. Rituximab can only be administered intravenoulsy so will normally require hospital admission for the patient to receive it .(Knott 2012)Other interventions include an advice session from the doctor regarding the patients lifestyle and diet may be of racy importance this may help the patient and minimise lifestyle related stress (GinzlerTayar 2012) . The patient may be suggested to work with a support group or even receive counselling as the condition can cause severe and life limiting symptoms while in relapse. Most patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are also advised to avoid the sun as it can aggravate and skin symptoms(Knott 2012).ConclusionSystemic Lupus Erythematosus is a very complex disease and can present itself in many different ways depending on the patient a nd the part of the body affected. In the pre-hospital environment it is very important to disembowel a detailed history in order to identify whether they have been diagnosed with this disease. Clinicians must remember systemic lupus ertythematosus can limit a patients quality off life while they are having a relapse so it is important to assess each patients individual symptoms and if necessary administer pain relief and position them so they are comfortable. It is also important for ambulance clinicians to be mindful of the patients joints when using moving and handling techniques as this could obviously cause the patient discomfort or even pain due to the condition.ReferencesArthritus Research UK. (2014). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. open http//www.arthritisresearchuk.org/arthritis-information/drugs/hydroxychloroquine/what-it-is.aspx. Last accessed 20/03/2014.Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, Perl A. 2009. Cross-talk of the environment with the host genome and the immune system through end ogenous retroviruses in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. Nov18 (13)1136-43Giannouli, S (2006) Annals of rheumatic disease, Anaemia in systemic lupus erythematosus from pathophysiology to clinical diagnosis. 65(2) p144-148Ginzler E, Tayar J. 2012. Systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). Updated January 2012. Available at http//www.rheumatology.org/practice/clinical/patients/diseases_and_conditions/lupus.pdfsearch=sle. Accessed on February 21, 2014 at 2130Hemminki K, Li X, Sundquist J, Sundquist K (February 2009). Familial associations of rheumatoid arthritis with autoimmune diseases and related conditions. Arthritis Rheumatology. 60 (3) 6618Knott, L. (2012). Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Available http//www.patient.co.uk/health/systemic-lupus-erythematosus. Last accessed 20/03/2014.Somers E, Thomas L, Smeeth L .2007. Incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the United Kingdom, Arthritus Rheum 1557(4) p612 p618.

Discrimination and the Hijab: The Role of Social Workers

variation and the Hijab The Role of friendly solveersMelissa SadakaThe aftermath of several political, legal, and historical events has led to the negative representations and tensions towards Islam and its practices in Western society. These depictions demand conflicted Moslem wo manpower who brook the hijab as they are religiously identifiable (Hyder, Parrington, Hussain, 2015). It is evident in the literature and media that discrimination towards the hijab continues to remain a affable problem in the West. Discrimination is the mistreatment of an individual due to their race status or background (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2015). Not but does it result in a marginalised society, discrimination is ideologic on the wholey funky and negatively effects the individual and society as whole. As demonstrated in the literature, the hijab is discriminated against due the misinterpreted trances, held by non-Muslims, that the women who wear it are oppressed and associated with terrorism (Al Wazni, 2015,). These great deals look at proved to negatively affect the daily experiences and identity of Muslim women as they face difficulties and acts of discrimination in settings such as school, mesh and the public.Social institute essentially aims to focus on and draw attention to discriminatory beliefs and customs duty that lead to both poor public principles and mental health (Hosken, 2013). It mandatory for all neighborly workers to participate in amicablely and racially proficient education and advocacy that encourages diversity while con catamenialy reducing fear and doubt (Australian friendship of Social Workers, 2010) . As an occupation and discipline, social work has come to accept the responsibility of tackling and eliminating discrimination in the outlives of individuals it assists through both direct and indirect methods (Graham, Bradshaw, Trew, 2009). The current paper ordain analyse and critique the role of social work and its fun ction in responding to discrimination towards Muslim women particularly in Australia. Recent and substitute(a) social work approaches such as policy, education, research and practice in response to the social problem will also be identified.Social workers select the power of diversity as it is competent in characterising and shaping the forgiving experience and is significant to the development of identity. All individuals have basic and fundamental gentlemans gentleman rights despite their position in society. Securing and ensuring that these rights are protected and believing in the value of the individual are important responsibilities in social work at present (Graham, Bradshaw, Trew, 2009)Historically, social work has been criticised due its previous practices in failing to respond to present circumstances and endorsing the standards of a white middle class society(Matsuoka Thompson). Present approaches for social workers mandates them to understand the power of diversit y and harness it in instal to build a better human society and experience. It is a social workers responsibility to affect any human beings right and their values and to eradicate discrimination under any basis (Ressler Hodge). The Code of ethics of the Australian Association of Social Workers (AASW, 2010) provides a set of ethical principle and standards to govern social work behavior in relation to discrimination. The organizations Code of Ethics in Australia includes the principle that social workers should gainsay social injustice-focusing primarily on issues of poverty, unemployment, discrimination, and other manifestations-and that their activities should promote sensitivity to and knowledge about oppression and cultural and ethnic diversity. Further, the Code states, social workers should strive to watch access to needed in make upation, services, and re artificial lakes equality of opportunity and meaningful participation in decision-making for all mess. (AASW, 2010, p .17).A Muslim woman in Australia who has experienced a form of discrimination has access to a range of services and programs that can assist her. The Department of Social Services (DSS), the main source of accessing social policies in Australia, is designed to support and enhance the lives of Australians (2015). The DSS promotes a Multicultural Australia and can provide those who have been discriminated against with multiple resources and support services. The DSS can assist A Muslim woman who has been discriminated against by providing her with information and hintrals to programs and policies. The DSS will provide her with information on current Australian anti-discrimination laws and provide her with the option of submitting a complaint to the Australia human rights commission who will thence further deliver additional assistance. The Department of human services (DHS) is the main source of access to health, payment and social support for Australians and includes a team of socia l workers that can also assist those who pulmonary tuberculosis their service (2015). Ghumman and Ryan (2013) bring determined that wearing a Hijab amplified both formal and informal discrimination when applying for work. In this exampleMS1, a Muslim woman who is using DHS services can contact a DHS social worker for further support if she feels that her hijab is effecting her chances in gaining a full-time job. The DHS social work services can deliver short term counselling, referrals to a range of services and support information.Overall, to sustain both professionalism and diversity in social work it is required to understand basic human rights and fenceable practices to assist victims of discrimination. Their voices should be heard and necessary support should be provided as with every human being. The discrimination towards people ground on what they wear and what religion they practice will be ongoing as the current generation and society is poisoned by the narrow thoughts and vague ideas generated from power sources such a media and politics. An individuals choice to wear a garment that represents their faith should be respected within the social work profession. Though Australia is multicultural and embraces diversity and tolerance, discrimination towards the hijab remains existent. Social workers need to be able to demonstrate an understanding of cultural and religious customs, such as the hijab, to establish a justified and enhanced interaction with clients. Social workers should challenge social injustice by embracing diversity through advocacy. Muslim women who wear the hijab should be viewed as positive assets to work with and learn from.ReferencesAl Wazni, A. B. (2015). Muslim Women in America and Hijab A Study of Empowerment, Feminist Identity, and Body Image. Social Work, 60(4), 325-333. inside10.1093/sw/swv033Australian Association of Social Workers. (2010). Code of Ethics AASW. Retrieved butt 6, 2017, from https//www.aasw.asn.au/practit ioner-resources/code-of-ethicsAustralian Human Rights Commission. (2015). Complaint information. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https//www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/WEB_Info_making_unlawful_discrimination.pdfDepartment of Human Services. (2017). Social work services Australian Government Department of Human Services. Retrieved from https//www.humanservices.gov.au/customer/services/social-work-servicesDepartment Social Services. (2015). What We Do Department of Social Services, Australian Government. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from https//www.dss.gov.au/about-the-department/overview/what-we-doGhumman, S., Ryan, A. M. (2013). Not welcome here Discrimination towards women who wear the Muslim headscarf. Human Relations, 66(5), 671-698. doi10.1177/0018726712469540Graham, J. R., Bradshaw, C., Trew, J. L. (2009). Adapting Social Work in Working with Muslim Clients. Social Work Education, 28(5), 544-561. doi10.1080/02615470802400729Hosken, N. (2013). Social work supervision an d discrimination. Advances in Social Work and Welfare Education, 15(1), 92-104. Retrieved from http//search.informit.com.au/documentSummarydn=479428906488362res=IELHSSHyder, N., Parrington, C. A., Hussain, P. (2015). Experiences of Hijabi Women Finding a Way Through the Looking deoxyephedrine for Muslim Americans. Advancing Women in Leadership, 35, 172-177. Retrieved from http//advancingwomen.com/awl/awl_wordpress/Matsuoka, A. K., Thompson, A. (2009). Combating Stigma and Discrimination Among Social Work Students. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 28(2), 95-98. doi10.7870/cjcmh-2009-0025Ressler, L. E., Hodge, D. R. (2006). Religious Discrimination in Social Work. Journal of Religion Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought, 24(4), 55-74. doi10.1300/j377v24n04_05MS1Not too sure if I should us this and dont know what else to useDr Nawal El Saadawi Memoirs of a Woman DoctorDr Nawal El Saadawi Memoirs of a Woman DoctorSince my childhood, I have always dreamt of produci ng a film or indite a have got about gender inequity in the Middle Eastern society. So that I could be able to grasp this goal, I have to obtain the adequate experience in order to hold a certificate from one of the prestigious universities in Qatar. As a matter of fact, I have the desire towards achieving my goals and proving my skills but my society, with all its restrictions and limitations, doesnt blow over me the chance to do so. Because I live in a Qatari society, I have to be committed to certain traditions and customs which dont provide me with the opportunity to call on a decent educated woman in a community where men only have the power to dominate.Therefore, when I think about the difference between men and women and why people differentiate and discriminate between people based on their gender, I find myself attracted towards reading sacred scriptures about feminism in order to, at least, feel that other women suffer from what I feel and that they will do whatever it takes to gain their lost rights. Through reading these take fors, I have the chance to know more about the meaning of feminism as well as figuring out more about women who have experienced conflicts with their families since their childhood only because they were born as girls not boys. Therefore, I further myself to read a book called Memoirs of a woman doctor. This book was written by an Egyptian female writer named Dr. Nawal El Saadawi. In fact, this book had had an impact on my brio to the extent that it contributed in changing my thoughts and my ideas as well as my view towards different things. A year ago, I read this book and for the first time I felt desire I have the power to accomplish my objectives and live a normal equal life manage any other man in the whole world.Regarding the book of Memoirs of a woman doctor, it talks about a young girl who used to live in a traditional Egyptian family. Unfortunately, the family of this little young girl undervalued her skil ls and underestimated her talents because she wasnt a boy. Dr. Nawal wanted to attract my attention and the attention of the rest of readers towards the fact that the fountainhead of view of this family towards its daughter reflects the point of view of the whole Egyptian and Arab society towards women in general. Being brought up as a girl in such family, this woman had to face all kinds of discrimination and injustice. In other words, her family used to prefer her brother over her despite the fact that she was an amazing student at school and she was more intelligent than him. This definitely has led to many bad effects on her view towards herself. She started to feel that she was born with a disability and that there was something wrong about her. She began to hate herself, her body and everything that used to surround womens life. However, she didnt surrender to this cruel reality. Luckily, her family allowed her to continue her studies and she managed to enroll in one of the universities in the faculty of Medicine. by and by graduation, she turned to become an excellent doctor.Being a doctor provided this woman with the opportunity to start loving herself again. She felt that she had achieved one of her goals and that pushed her forward towards accomplishing more and more in her life. In addition, she started to figure out that discrimination and inequality between men and women is a result of a complicated backward point of view of a society towards women. Moreover, she began to know the fact that other women can do whatever they need if they had the desire and the inner power. Women also have all the chances to accomplish their dreams if they only tried to do so. Thats why the main character in that book opined in biological science as a field of study since studying medicine allowed her to have faith in justice and in breaking all the complicated rules she was forced to follow.On the other side, this book allowed me to mean in myself and my abilit ies. In other words, I started becoming more self-confidence in addition to being willing to overcome my fears. I also began to become more patient as I intimate that life cant be easy all the time and that I had to try harder in order to succeed. Moreover, I have figured out that only successful people have the chance to enjoy their lives since they have faith in their skills and they never give up no matter what they face. Besides, I began to love myself more and accept the fact that I was born as woman for a certain reason as God never creates something by coincidence.Because I read this book when I had to deal with a lot of issues, it was and is still considered as a source of energy as it provided me with the needed positivity to accomplish what I had planned. As a matter of fact, when I figured out that this woman in the book of Dr. Nawal had to suffer because of complicated thoughts, I felt that she represents me and a lot of million women all over the world who have to face many problems to gain their rights. Moreover, this book let me know more about a lot of topics about which I didnt have a background. For example, I began to have ideas about different things like marriage, loyalty, human body, beauty and creativity. I also learned that I work not only to gain money but also to help people get the needed medications so that they could have healthier bodies. On the other hand, my creativity began to increase and I started to use my imagination to solve problems. Moreover, I learned that we all are humans and that we werent born as angels. Therefore, we commit mistakes and thats why we need to forgive each other.Since reading is one of the great pleasures in this world, I enjoyed reading Memoirs of a woman doctor. This book widened my thoughts about feminism and also enlightened my vision. As a matter of fact, I began to learn that feminism doesnt refer to makeup or high heels or having a great body. Instead, it indicates intelligence, beauty of the soul and having a smart brain. In other words, many people believe that feminism is a concept that involves being a lady in shape which is totally wrong. On the contrary, feminism is a term that indicates being a lady by being educated and sophisticated. Thats why I believe the Qatari society and the entire Arab society moldiness change their point of view towards women. Therefore, instead of looking at their clothes or their bodies, they need to look through their minds.Like many families in Egypt, Qatari families adopt following the customs and traditions of the Arab society. These traditions are indicated in the fact that young girls must wear veil when they are not in their homes. Being an Arab woman living in Qatar, I was obliged to cover my head wherever I go. Furthermore, some Qatari families force their young daughters to quit school and get married to older men because they believe that women were created to achieve that purpose. Thats why I felt that this book has touched something in my heart and also because I had to experience what the writer had had to go through. finishThe book of Dr Nawal El Saadawi called Memoirs of a woman doctor provided me with a lot of information and thats why I began to change my thoughts and my views towards myself and the entire society. Therefore, I believe Arab societies in particular the Qatari one have to change the way they view women. They also must encourage other organizations in order to offer women opportunities to improve their skills. Furthermore, women must not give up and form peaceful marches to defend their lives and their rights. By following these steps, women will be able to have equal life just as men and I will have the chance to accomplished all my plans and goals. I will also never regret because I was born as a woman. Instead, I will be proud of my femininity.

Constructivist Theory of Development

Constructivist Theory of DevelopmentTo believe a child is an empty vessel would mean believing that children are unable to think or oppose to the world around them. The term empty vessel suggests that babies minds contain nothing and that helping them to develop means simply filling the space with facts. Theorists and scientists put up worn-out(a) m any(prenominal) years researching and developing ideas that suggest that even an unborn child is capable of developing sensitivity towards its environment and therefore that human development begins colossal before the outside world has impressed its influence on a child (Muir Slater 2000, pg.68). However, this essay impart explore the theories of how children learn and develop from birth, with wildness placed on the constructivist acquire theory in relation to the development of children from infancy and towards adulthood.Mukherji Odea, (2000, pg.80) describe how soon after birth babies begin trying to counterbalance sense of t he world around them. They are able to identify sounds, in particular voices, and then subsequently begin to interpret images and the responses of adults. Their skill to read facial expressions develops (Louw, 2002, pg.208) and they use this experience to modify their behaviour. This development begins the pattern of constructivist learning that theorists have researched and discussed for many years.The constructivist learning theory essentially means being actively snarled in acquiring new companionship and skills, interacting with ones social and cultural environment and building on or adapting existing knowledge and experiences (Boghossian, 2006). The theory was documented by Piaget who studied his own children in order to increase his understanding of the developmental phases that children move through when learning. Piaget (cited in Slavin, 1994, pg.31) identified four specific age-related stages in a childs development and described how children foster new ideas by using p atterns of behaviour or schemes and relating these schemes to the environment around them. Some psychologists questioned Piagets theories regarding the four stages and discovered the language utilize by Piaget during his studies to be too complex to provide an accurate representation of a childs abilities at any given time (Slavin, 1994, pg.44). One theorist who challenged Piagets theories was Lev Vygotsky, (Oakley, 2004, pg.42) who suggested that preferably than waiting for children to master one level of development before moving onto the next, learning takes place when children are challenged and presented with problems just beyond their current level of understanding. Vygotsky withal placed far more emphasis on the role of adults (Gopnik, et al. 2001, pg.18), an idea further developed by Bruner, who proposed that adults were tools that washbasin assist learning by sustain the development of language (Bruner, 1983, pp 64-66). Along with many others, by combining elements fr om all three theorists views of child development, the outcome is the constructivist theory of learning, a theory where prior knowledge is the basis and language, challenge and social interaction, the tools.Sharp, et al. (2009, pg. 51) place much emphasis on prior knowledge being the fundamental basis in the teaching of science. accomplishment and understanding in science is no longer considered the rote learning of facts and technical vocabulary, but instead means embracing inquisitiveness and the development of motion skills that aid the learner in making sense of the world around them (Loxley, et al. 2010, pg. 45).Scientific knowledge and understanding stems from intrinsic curiosity (Sharp, et al. 2009, pg.2). The infant, who ceaselessly touches the objects surrounding him, is investigating the textures of materials and developing his own responses to them. When he then repeatedly returns to the soft toy he demonstrates that his enquiry has formulated knowledge of texture and subsequent actions are ground on his initial investigations. The parent who then moves the toy further from the infant and smiles when he finally reaches and nuzzles his prize has provided challenge and social interaction as a means of developing the infants skills further. Rather than an empty vessel that the parent has begun to fill, the infant has demonstrated that he is a constructivist learner who is interacting with his environment and building on his experience.This pillow slip demonstrates that both the constructivist learning theory and the development of scientific enquiry apply to even the youngest children and so should be nurtured and developed when teaching science to primary and tributary pupils. Scientific enquiry allows existing ideas to be challenged and knowledge and understanding to be achieved (Loxley, et al. 2010).However, the constructivist theory in the classroom cannot be implemented unless prior knowledge is ascertained. Although the subject field curr iculum (DfEE, 1999) details the legal requirements for the teaching of science, attainment targets are divided into key stages allowing for differentiation based on childrens level of understanding at any particular point in time. Teachers essential to identify pupils current levels before they can begin to plan for future learning (OfSTED, cited in Kyriacou, 2007) and work towards these attainment targets.The elicitation of prior knowledge can be achieved in many ways. With language playing such an important role in the development of knowledge (Bruner, op.cit), discussion and careful questioning can be effective ways of allowing children to clarify their own ideas while giving the teacher an opportunity to identify misconceptions in their understanding (Littledyke, 1998, pg.22). Stimulus for the discussion can range from a big question as described by Longuski (2006), the presentation of a Concept animated cartoon Appendix A or through debating a PMI statement Appendix B. Card s orting activities allow children to share their ideas and recording responses by using KWL grids Appendix C or by asking pupils to throw diagrams or pictures provides concrete evidence of current levels of understanding.Loxley, et al. (2010, pg. 10) explain that children will engage in learning when it is presented in contexts which are familiar. I investigated this theory during a new-fangled science lesson Appendix D, where I used a story to present a scientific concept. The strategy proved to be particularly effective in eliciting pupils ideas and misconceptions and captured the matter to of all children involved. Pupils connected with the lesson due to the presentation of a stimulus in the form of visual and auditory media (Naylor Keogh, 2007). The lesson was filled with discussion with all abilities participating in sharing ideas. The adults role in the lesson was to encourage discussion, clarify responses, assist lower ability pupils in recording their ideas and to offer q uestions that would promote critical thinking. Childrens responses showed that they were using their personal experiences to form ideas about the scientific problems presented by the cartoon Appendix E. Curiosity surrounding other aspects of light exploration was stimulated by the lesson, with several children asking questions that they would same to investigate in the future Appendix F.The main purpose of this lesson was, however, not only to ascertain prior knowledge but to identify misconceptions that would inform the class teachers grooming of the class next unit of work.Misconceptions can originate from a variety of sources. Children can sometimes form incorrect ideas based on their own experiences or interpretation of language, as demonstrated by the common misconception about the term plant food. In response to a natural desire to form relationships with cognise ideas (Allen, 2010, pg.3), children can alike draw inaccurate conclusions to newly encountered concepts (McGraw -Hill, 2011), an example of which is a child who, having observed the sunniness appearing to move across the horizon, concludes that the sun must actually move around the Earth. Occasionally educational staff can, due to their own misconceptions or lack of subject knowledge, provide information that is not accurate which highlights the need, as outlined by Professional Standard 22, (TDA. 2008) for teachers to be secure in their understanding of the scientific concepts taught to pupils (TDA. 2008, Standard 14) and, through reflection and evaluation, to identify when they need to further their own scientific understanding (TDA. 2008, Professional Standard 7a).The transcript of the discussion, Appendix G coupled with childrens written recordings of their ideas Appendix H, I J highlights the common misconceptions Appendix K that the group held about their understanding of the Earth, sun and moon unit of work, studied previously, and their impending studies of light. Misconceptions re garding concepts already taught, in this instance the Earth, sun and moon misunderstandings, provide an example of assessment of learning, or summative assessment, and can be used to judge a childs learning and level of scientific understanding.The misconceptions surrounding the theory of light act as formative assessment as they can be used when considering implications for future progress and to inform planning for the new topic to be covered, as described by Littledyke (1998, pg.21). They also enable the teacher to consider ways of challenging pupils misunderstandings without simply giving them the correct responses, as this could damage their self esteem or lead to them refusing to accept choice explanations (The discipline Strategies, 2009). Instead, Miller, et al. (cited in Ansberry Morgan, 2007) explain that children should be provided with opportunities to investigate their own theories, for example through practical investigations or even the use of picture books (Ansberr y and Morgan, ibid), while considering those of others. This will enable them to use the experiences on which the misunderstandings were based (assimilation) and then to adapt their original ideas in response to their investigations (accommodation) (Allen, 2010, pg.12). Any strategy adopted must address errors in a childs understanding, as failure to do so could prevent further progress (The National Strategies, ibid3).Formative assessment (TDA. 2008, Standard 12) isnt, however, a tool to be used exclusively to elicit pre-conceptions about a topic to be covered. Yeomans and Arnold (2006) describe it is an essential part of planning and prep that should be carried out continuously to enable teachers to evaluate the impact of their teaching (TDA. 2008, Standard 29), modify their approaches and assess how well children are progressing. It enables teachers to compare childrens levels of understanding with age appropriate objectives and those listed in the National Curriculum for Scienc e.Analysis of an elicitation activity will also enable the teacher to plan differentiated activities to address individual pupils strengths or areas of weakness. Together with comity for differences in learning styles and factors that may be affecting learning, this analysis will ensure that the needs of individuals are met and that all children achieve their potential (TDA. 2008, Standard 10). However, this showcase of personalisation of learning is not straightforward and requires commitment to an ethos, where every learner matters and every learners learning needs should, if possible, be accommodated (Keeley-Browne, 2007, pg.133).Although there are links, there are also differences surrounded by differentiated and personalised learning. Differentiation is a more traditional approach to teaching with pupils often grouped by ability and with tasks that match that ability (Kendall-Seater, 2005, pg.24). Personalised learning is a progressive approach where the childs experiences a re the focus and results are judged by outcome or by the extent of resources supplied (Kendall-Seater, ibid). Both approaches value from consideration for childrens previous knowledge and experiences, on which they can build new ideas.Despite agreeing with this principle, experts have identified difficulties that could occur by implementing the constructivist teaching and learning theories. Keogh Naylor (1996) have questioned the plausibility of considering the prior knowledge of every pupil, and Skidmore Gallagher (2005) acknowledged the difficulties that a change in approach might present to teachers. In her research report, Chin (2006) discusses difficulties between balancing the responsibility of teachers as providers of accurate scientific facts with them being facilitators of child-initiated learning. Considering each of these experts reservations means viewing constructivist teaching and learning in science as a challenging process where the acquisition of scientific knowl edge is the main goal that can be achieved through the amalgamation of an understanding of childrens developmental processes and the commitment from teachers to providing opportunities for personal enquiry with sound subject knowledge.In summary, teachers need to first recognize that children are not empty vessels but that they have a valuable riches of scientific knowledge and experience on which to construct and adapt new ideas. Teachers should embrace and nurture curiosity, promote critical thinking and provide creative learning environments that facilitate purposeful exploration and social interaction. Careful consideration has to be given towards the National Curriculum for Science objectives however, as is often the case with preparation for statutory testing (POST, 2003), it should not be seen as a constraint that restricts creativity or that initiates a return to the meaningless rote learning strategies (Stones, 1984, pg.64) of the past. sound judgement opportunities shoul d be explored, and the results used effectively to inform and enable an inclusive, personalised curriculum that allows children to become active participants with ownership of their own learning.

Capital Punishment Should Remain Legal Essay -- Pro-Death Penalty Essa

I am going to argue that not bad(p) penalization is a morally and logically justifiable punishment for criminals. I will demonstrate this by showing how the logic behind not having the finale penalization is invalid. I will also present examples that will defend my argument. I will then present counterarguments and their implications. The death penalty in the United States is a contested subject, and even recently it has been voted to be unconstitutional by some states. Currently there are numerous states that still have the death penalty, though many have not executed anyone in recent years. Outside of the United States the issue is also split, with many countries recently eliminating the death penalty. Crimes that usually receive the death penalty as punishment usually involve being directly involved with the death of another person. Though the majority of the United States still is in favor of capital punishment, there exists a large and growing minority that believ es that the death penalty is an immoral punishment to use against another human being. The electrical resistance to capital punishment often uses the logic that even though this person has committed a horrible crime that they still deserve the right to life, that it is something that does not have a right to be taken away. This argument is flawed based on the fact that lives are often saved because of the death penalty on a larger scale. Though there is the loss of the criminals life when he is executed, if he were to receive a normal punishment and go to prison, he may eventually be able to get out and commit more crimes again. Capital punishment is usually only sentenced when the pursuance feels that the crime is so unjust that there is no other recourse but the death ... ...an effective deterrent to crime as it is meant to be. Some opponents of capital punishment point to the fact that capital punishment is rarely used in comparison to the amount of actual murder conviction s. The logic behind this title of respect seems to be at fault. This is especially noticed when considering that many of the opponents of capital punishment believe life to be the most important thing that one open fire have, that it is a basic right bestowed to everyone. Logically, wouldnt threatening to remove the most important thing in somebodys life serve as deterrence to committing such a crime? This counterargument is shown to be invalid on this basis. After considering counterarguments and presenting my arguments against them I feel I have presented sufficient information to donjon my claim that capital punishment is a logical and moral practice when used reasonably.

Carrying A Concealed Weapon, In California, Is A Threat To Society Essa

Matilda Crabtree, 14, was shot and killed by her father when she jumped from the closet and yelled BOO to scare her parents her last nomenclature were, I love you, daddy.(Rottenberg 87) Laws that regulate carrying concealed instruments (CCW) have been wildly debated in the California and the US. There have mainly been two different types of laws. One is a type of legislation know as may need laws, which come ins licenses to people who are in absolute need of carrying a concealed weapon. The other is known as shall commit laws, which is a lot more lenient for people and makes it easier for the general existence to get a gun. This law gives state authorities to issue concealed weapon licenses to any adult who does non have a felony conviction or history of mental illness.The use of firearms is justifiable only when a person is threatened with serious bodily injury. It does not mean that if a person is stealing your system from your car, you can shoot them. Legalizing concealed w eapons to the general public is a direct attack on societys safety in public places. Too many people will resort to multitude instead of a chance to runaway everyone would rather be a hero. At the moment in that respect are 31 states in the United States that permit people to possess a concealed weapon California is not one of them. Carrying a concealed weapon is a threat to society because there have been too many accidents, concealed weapon laws might cause criminals to act more violently, and finally carrying concealed weapons might stimulate violent confrontation. Shall use CCW laws do not cut down the amount of gun violence. Even though these laws are pretty recent, studies show that more carefree concealed weapon laws will not decrease the amount of gun related violence. Based on data collected from three states, University of Maryland researchers David McDowall, Colin Loftin, and Brian Wiersema found that the homicide rates did not world-shakingly drop in these states fol lowing the adoption of Concealed Carry Laws. Instead, in three of the five cities studied these researchers found a statistically significant increase in the rate of gun related homicides - 74% in Jacksonville, 43% in Jackson, and 22% in Tampa (Ford 65). Carrying a concealed weapon creates a false sense of security and diverts attent... ...nal, even when well-trained police officers are involved. The idea that poorly trained, self-appointed vigilantes are running through our streets looking to become heroes, should not make any of us feel safer. Arming a society does not create civility nor does it produce solutions to gun violence. We cannot solve our societys disease of violence by arming ourselves with the epidemic. Work SitedFisherman, Steve (1993, October). What You Know About Guns Can Kill You, Vogue, 32-38.Ford, Liam T.A. (1994, August/September). Gunning for Change, Reason, 64-66Kirchner, Paul (1994, February). Defending Gun Ownership, Chronicles, available from 934 N. pri mary(prenominal) St., Rockford, IL. 61103-7061Reese, Charley (1996, January). You Cant Beat an (Armed) Woman, Conservative Chronicle, available from Box 29, Hampton, IA. 50441.Rottenberg, Annette T. (1997). Cease fire advertisement. The Structure of Argument. Boston Bedford Books a division of St. Martins Press Inc. Sojourners (1994, March). Annie belong Your Gun, available from 2401 15th St. NW, Washington, DC 20009.Voll, Daniel (1995, March). The Right to Bear Sorrow, Esquire, 79-83