Health Care Systems/Medicaid Medicare Essay - 875 Words

Medicaid/Medicare Services Stella Williams Harrison College Medicaid/Medicare Services Develop a plan for the center by using clinical quality measures, or CQMs, which are tools to help track and measure the quality of health care serviced that are provided by eligible professionals, eligible hospitals that are within the health care system. These would be measures to use data that is associated with providers that are able to provide high quality care or relate to long term goals for health care. The measures would be the many aspects of patient care including: * Health outcomes * Patient safety * Clinical processes * Efficient use of health care resources * Population and public health * Adherence to†¦show more content†¦There are so many Incentive Programs that provide financial incentives for the use of certified EHR technology to improve patient and by taking part the Center can receive incentive payments for certain Medicaid health care and can receive up to a maximum of $63,750 over six years participation. Although to qualify we must have a minimum 30% of Medicaid patient volume and a practice predominantly in a Federally Qualified Health Center and have a minimum 30% patient volume attributable to needy individuals. Developing ways to accurately measure the efficiency and quality of care for older Americans for the long term care and holistic care that includes both medical services and social support is necessary for assessing the effectiveness of current care and payment models so the policy directions should include: EHR and increased data analytic capacity to better coordinate care and improve the value of patient care, new integratedShow MoreRelatedMedicare: Health Care and Affordable Care Act1277 Words   |  6 PagesMedicare/Medicaid Kleta Shinn HCS 310 December 6, 2010 Professor Jones Medicare and Medicaid Medicaid and Medicare was created and called the Social Security Act of 1965 to provide coverage for medical treatment for qualified individuals and their families. Medicaid is a program that is jointly funded and managed by the federal and state governments that reimburse hospital and physician for providing care to qualified patients who cannot afford medical expense. To qualify for MedicaidRead MoreCost Containment, And Quality Of Care1646 Words   |  7 PagesWith the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) providing coverage for over 100 million citizens in the United States and being the largest care delivery system, it is hard to ignore their presence in the ever changing health care delivery system. Some say, that where Medicare goes, private payers will follow. Today, hospitals, health systems and other providers have been highly influenced by Medicare. Medicare, Medicaid, the Children s Health Insurance Program, and the Health Insurance MarketplaceRead MoreA Brief Note On Medicare And Medicaid Services1499 Words   |  6 PagesBoth Medicare and Medicaid are managed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), which is a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Medicare was created in 1965 when people of over 65 found it impossible to get private health insurance coverage. 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Different Theories For Counseling Families - 1031 Words

During this half of our semester, we have learned about various theories to apply when counseling families. Three concepts I have chosen to apply when discussing the Manning-Kelly and my family is: triangulation through cross-generational coalitions, boundaries, and cutoffs. As a class, we have examined the Manning-Kelly in all aspects with their plethora of difficulties. I will use my family to show how these have been illustrated in my own and how they have been dealt with. These three concepts will allow further examination into triangulations, cutoffs, and boundaries established in their family using the readings and videos we have seen in class (Unfolding Laundry and Carl Whitaker’s) as references. Over the past several weeks, we have been studying and analyzing patterns shown in the Manning-Kelly family. According to This family was brought into counseling by the advisement of the identified patient’s primary care physician. The IP, Christina, has demonstrated ver y low weight gain, scars on her upper arms and thighs, and is constantly arguing with her mother, Liz, on why she does not want to go to college. Martin Jr., Christina’s brother, attempts to remain disengaged from the situation, rarely bringing attention to himself. Mark, Christina and Martin Jr.’s stepfather, also displays behaviors associated with detachment as well. Martin, Christina’s father, tries to remain as involved as possible but, obviously, cannot be there all the time to try and lessen theShow MoreRelatedAn Interview With A Counselor Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Counseling is defined as †the use of therapeutic strategies to help clients address personal concerns and mental health issues† (Nystul, 2016). Pursuing counseling as a career involves many years of formal study and certification or licensure. After receiving licensure to practice as a professional counselors it is a requirement to maintain involvement and certification in certain associations in order to hold your license. These association often require further education and/or professionalRead MoreCounseling Assessment, Interventions And Results And Follow Up882 Words   |  4 PagesCounselors keep notes to document their counseling assessment, interventions and results and follow-up. Case notes are a memory aid used during a counseling session to record the conversation for consultation or to help facilitate referrals (Jacobs Schimmel, 2013). 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Each theory focuses one of these key components of a client but in counseling you need to focus on each of these to fully help a client. The key to integrative counseling is to have multiple theories function in harmony (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). PsychotherapyRead MoreSolution Focused Brief Therapy ( Sfbt ) For The Treatment Of Ana Essay970 Words   |  4 Pageshomeless. She currently is a single parent due to her husband being deployed in a combat zone overseas for the next eight months. Ana is a first generation immigrant from Guatemala; she comes from a large family. She claims to have a close relationship with her family but has not seen her family for about a year. Her father is a banker and her mother an educator, her three siblings all has graduated college and have professional careers. Ana has completed one year of college, but needed to leave schoolRead MoreImmigration Is The Strongest Forces That Has Shaped Recent History1281 Words   |  6 PagesThere has been a dramatic rise in immigration in the past 30 years. The new immigrant families are more linguistically, socioeconomically, ethnically diverse than previous immigrant families. Immigrants face more stressors today than in previous years. Counselors need to be aware of the many differences and the many struggles that today s immigrants face. Keywords: Immigrants, stressors, struggles  Group Counseling with Immigrants Thirteen million refugees and about 100 million immigrants haveRead MoreEssay on The Life-Span Developmental Approach to Counseling999 Words   |  4 Pageslife-span development to specialize in counseling a specific type of person with hopes of becoming well-versed, and therefore more helpful, in the types of experiences that group faces. â€Å"Personality can be better understood if it is examined developmentally† (Santrock, 2006, p. 45). Considering cognitive, biological, and socioemotional development throughout life will provide context, guideposts, and reasonable expectations for counselors. 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Distributive Bargaining and Integrative Negotiation

Question: Discuss about theDistributive Bargaining and Integrative Negotiation. Answer: Introduction The interaction between two or more than two persons which is aimed at achieving a beneficial outcome is known as negotiation process (Pruitt, 2013). The negotiation process is carried out in such a way that there is mutual advantage of both the parties. This process comes to a suitable conclusion after discussion with both the parties. The aim of negotiation process is to resolve a conflict and gain the desired outcomes (Rubin Brown, 2013). It is a common process in both personal as well as professional life of an individual. This paper would analyze the difference between the key concepts of negotiation such as integrative negotiation and distributive bargaining (Lewicki et al., 2002). The two concepts are critically evaluated with the help of conflict experiences. Discussion The distributive bargaining power comes into play when there are involvements of people who are interacting for the first time and they are not likely to do so in the future (Zahariadis, 2016). It implies that there is finite amount in the distribution of the materials. The approach takes place when the associated parties are making an effort to divide something. The disputant in this type of bargaining are strangers to each other (Zahariadis, 2016). It is one time interaction with each other and there are least possibilities of forming a relationship between the key entities involved in this type of bargaining (Nupia, 2013). They interact only for the purpose of effectively carrying out the deal in question. The parties are least concerned about how the other parties perceiving themselves as there are least possibilities of them meeting in the future (Lewicki et al., 2002). They are more focused with their individual gains and give least priority to group dynamics. The distributive bargaining strategy is often compared with the fixed pie strategy (Jeong, 2016). This is because this strategy is involved with the allocation of finite resources within the negotiators. There are a limited number of resources and there is subsequent debate regarding the allocation of the resources (Jeong, 2016). This type of bargaining strategy initiates an environment of intense competition in which every party tries to secure a bigger portion of the available resources. This strategy makes the participants assess the competitive position of the other parties (Jeong, 2016). Every parties act against each other and there is an increase in the competition level, which can be unhealthy competition at times (Acheson, 2016). The distributive bargaining strategy fosters a reserved as well as defensive approach. There can be increased probability of conflicts in the distributive bargaining approach (Snyder Diesing, 2015). This strategy is similar to a win-lose argument (Lewicki et al., 2002). This is because the distributive bargaining strategy involves the distribution of a fixed resource such as financial resources. There is no possibility of expansion of the resources and every party has their own demands to do so (Snyder Diesing, 2015). For example, if a fixed financial resourceof 2000 $ needs to be distributed among 5 people, then it is obvious that every individual would be entitled to receive 400$ each. However, the conflict arises when one party is eager to receive $500 and no one else is eager to give away their shares or receive less than $400. The integrative negotiation, on the other hand, is similar to a situation in which there is a win-win approach in order to resolve a dispute (Moore, 2014). It is contrast to the distributive bargaining strategy and it is concerned with equal benefit to all the negotiating parties involved in the dispute (Lewicki et al., 2002). It is opposite to the distributive bargaining approach in which the concerned parties aimed at increasing total share with the help of mutual cooperation (Illes, Ellemers Harinck, 2014). Each party of the dispute perceives the other party as collaborators or friends since this strategy is based on the joint efforts as well as common interests (Illes, Ellemers Harinck, 2014). This is in contrast to the distributive bargaining strategy in which the parties conceive each other as competitors. There can be cooperation with all the concerning parties and this strategy involves a high degree of trust as well as the helps in the formation of a relationship between t he parties (Carneiro et al., 2013). As the concerned parties are working towards a common goal, this approach fosters team building capabilities among the disputed parties (Illes, Ellemers Harinck, 2014). There are multiple issues that are addressed by integrative negotiation unlike distributive negotiation that involve a single issue (Nolan-Haley, 2013). In integrative negotiation, the concerned parties receive something concerned with value in the process of trading something that has a less value (Liu, 2014). This strategy requires the sharing of information between the parties in the dispute and this helps in the understanding of each others interest (Nolan-Haley, 2013). This strategy is helpful in seeking solutions to specific problems when understanding all the parameters. An example that illustrates the integrative negotiation is that when two girls want the same orange, there would be a dispute, which can be solved by their mother, if she acts as a moderator. If the mother interacts with the girls and tries to know their interests, then this issue would be solved without compromising the individual interests of the task. The integrative bargaining would let the mother know that one girl may be interested in the orange while the other may be interested in the peel only to make some cookies. This would ensure that the girls would receive everything that they would have wished to. Conclusion The distributive bargaining as well as integrative negotiation is a common phenomenon in both personal as well as professional life. These are the most common forms of negotiations that are used by almost all individuals. There are instances when these two categories of negotiation coincide. This paper gives a better understanding of the two types of negotiations so that the individuals can use them in different suitable situations. It would also help in enhancing the interpersonal relations as the individuals gain an increased awareness regarding the process of negotiation. References Acheson, D. (2016). 6 Negotiation dynamics.International Negotiation: Process and Strategies, 107. Carneiro, D., Novais, P., Andrade, F., Zeleznikow, J., Neves, J. (2013). Using Case-Based Reasoning and Principled Negotiation to provide decision support for dispute resolution.Knowledge and Information Systems,36(3), 789-826. Illes, R., Ellemers, N., Harinck, F. (2014). Mediating Value Conflicts.Conflict Resolution Quarterly,31(3), 331-354. Jeong, H. W. (2016).International Negotiation: Process and Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Liu, L. A. (2014). Addressing reviewer comments as an integrative negotiation.Management and Organization Review,10(2), 183-190. Moore, C. W. (2014).The mediation process: Practical strategies for resolving conflict. John Wiley Sons. Nolan-Haley, J. (2013).Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell, 4th. West Academic. Nupia, O. (2013). Distributive politics, number of parties, ideological polarization, and bargaining power.The Journal of Politics,75(02), 410-421. Pruitt, D. G. (2013).Negotiation behavior. Academic Press. Rubin, J. Z., Brown, B. R. (2013).The social psychology of bargaining and negotiation. Elsevier. Snyder, G. H., Diesing, P. (2015).Conflict among nations: Bargaining, decision making, and system structure in international crises. Princeton University Press. Zahariadis, N. (2016). Bargaining power and negotiation strategy: examining the Greek bailouts, 20102015.Journal of European Public Policy, 1-20. Lewicki, R.J., Saunders, Barry, B., Saunders, Minton,J.W. (2002), Negotiation, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill Neweredition (2011).

The Age of Napoleon free essay sample

The Age of Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte was a very influential character in the history of France. When Napoleon rose to power, many reforms were made regarding the social system, economics, education, and political aspects. For some, the reforms made under his rule were for the better of the people, but others viewed the reforms as negative changes. Nonetheless, Napoleon will always be thought of as a powerful figure in the French Revolution. A leader from the beginning, Napoleon was sent to France for military training at age nine. Before Napoleon completely conquered France, he had a number of early successes such as defeating the British in Toulon in 1793, and he won victory against the Austrians in Italy. In 1799, he came to France and set up a 3-man governing board called the Consulate, overthrowing a very weak system of government called the Directory. People accepted him as a leader because he was charismatic and a good speaker. We will write a custom essay sample on The Age of Napoleon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page France was also in a state where they desperately needed a system of order, they are in a midst of a revolution with no one taking charge. It makes sense that Napoleon, a man who seizes power, takes control of the revolution. Napoleon also had a reputation of being an excellent military chief, which lead to an even greater acceptance to him in France. In 1802, he declared himself the consul for life, and 2 years after that, he held enough power to become the emperor of the French. The French longed for change because the American Revolution had inspired them, and there was a large gap between the rich and the poor. Napoleon valued order while he was in power. Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity. He restored the struggling economy by building new roads and canals, so it could be easier to transport goods or obtain them from other societys. He also set up a public school system and made peace with the Catholic Church by signing the Concordat of 1801. The Concordat of 1801 was an agreement between the Roman Catholic Church in France and Napoleon, for the French had been in disagreement with the Catholic Church since the revolution. The Third Estate (made up of peasants and a vast majority of France) didn’t feel that it was fair that the clergy were getting treated better than them. It ended the churches political power and recognized religious freedom for Catholics. The taxes weren’t as high for the clergy as it was for the Third Estate. Napoleon even encouraged the Emigres to return to France. The Emigres were people who feared the revolution and fled France to seek foreign help to restore the old order. He also gave the land that had once belonged to the churches to the peasants, so they could have more land to farm with, which could boost the economy. Jobs were now â€Å"open to all talent†, meaning anyone could work in any job, no matter what Estate they belonged to. The Napoleonic Code was also established when Napoleon came to rule. It recognized equality for all citizens under the law, religious toleration, and trial by jury. The Napoleonic Code was a set of French laws made by a group of legal experts. The rules governed all French-controlled countries in Europe. The Napoleonic Code undid some of the reforms made in the revolution, for example a lot of the rights women had just gained, were now lost. The men now gained complete control over the household and children. Another reform Napoleon made was he abolished serfdom, or slavery. Over time, he came to bring negative changes such as how women had very few rights. He also eliminated freedom of press. When he became emperor, he could not be removed from office which was a problem because not everybody liked the way he was ruling, and they wanted to overthrow him. In Napoleons rule, he attempted to build a French Empire. With Napoleon being an egomaniac, he felt like all of his decisions would be for the better of the people and that he could do no wrong. He won victories over Austria, Prussia, the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Italy and Germany, but failed to defeat Britain or Russia. By 1810, his Grand Empire reached its greatest extent. Napoleon was able to win victories over so many countries because he used a different strategy for each battle, so no one could predict his next move. Some say that one Napoleon was the equivalent to 40,000 troops. His Grand Empire redrew the map of Europe, and controlled much of Europe through diplomacy. A diplomacy is the practice of conducting negotiations between representatives of groups or states. He replaced the King of Spain with his brother, Joseph. The spirit of nationalism, which is the devotion and loyalty to one’s nation, was spread throughout France. Soon, new alliances formed to resist Napoleon’s extreme power, and he was defeated in 1815. The Age of Napoleon brought many reforms in France. His reign included achievements and failures. One of his greatest successes was that he equalized the people of France, and their worth was based off of merit instead of social status. He established the Napoleonic code, which is still in use in France and other parts of the world today. Most importantly, e restored order in France by stabilizing the economy, building schools for better education, made roads, and built hospitals and orphanages. Some of the failures encountered when Napoleon was in rule was that he violated the freedom of the press when he censored the newspapers being published. He invaded Spain, which began a war with the Spaniards. He changed the European boundaries forever. He was the first modern dictator and brought out the spirit of nationalism in France. Overall, Napoleon changed the way of life for the French and surrounding countries forever.

Life in Suburbia essays

Life in Suburbia essays After World War II the concept of life in America began a new. The process of suburbanization began in cities all across the nation. Today the cities of yesteryear are gone and life as we knew it ended. However, people do not want it to end. They still want the American Dream; the house in the suburbs, the good job, the wife, car and 2.4 kids playing in the yard. These people have been the driving force in the division of socioeconomic status, and the division of race in the suburbs. They accomplish this through local governments and the decisions made through them. Though what has been created, by all of this over the years, isn't necessarily bad, but it has hurt the country in ways that we did not expect. When soldiers returned from the war they were greeted with open arms and a new booming economy. It was this booming economy, of service-oriented jobs, that allowed the middle class of people the opportunity to move away from their jobs and separate their work from their home. Also during that time we were still, as a country, practicing racial segregation, which is part of the reason for the racial inequalities in the suburbs today. These new communities, of mostly white nuclear families, were now in need of a council to make the decisions that needed to be made for their area. They didn't want the city to make these decisions for them since they were so far away. Also since most people worked in the city, they wanted to continue with the dream of keeping home and work separate. Therefore they banded together as neighborhoods and communities to make the decisions that affected that area on a daily basis. The benefit of this was that now they had almost total autonomy from the poor and the lower class they so quickly left behind in the city. This is where the socioeconomic division began. The people of the suburbs loved their lives. They lived around the people of the same socioeconomic status and w ...

Computer Memory - History, Timeline and More

Computer Memory - History, Timeline and More Drum memory, an early form of computer memory, used the drum as a working part,  with data loaded to the drum. The drum was a metal cylinder coated with a recordable ferromagnetic material. The drum also had a row of read-write heads that wrote and then read the recorded data. Magnetic core memory (ferrite-core memory) is another early form of computer memory. Magnetic ceramic rings called cores, stored information using the polarity of a magnetic field. Semiconductor memory is computer memory we are all familiar with, computer memory on an integrated circuit or chip. Referred to as random-access memory or RAM, it allowed data to be accessed randomly, not just in the sequence it was recorded. Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is the most common kind of random access memory (RAM) for personal computers. The data the DRAM chip holds have to be periodically refreshed. Static random access memory or SRAM doesnt need to be refreshed. Timeline of Computer Memory 1834 - Charles Babbage begins to build his Analytical Engine, a precursor to the computer. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards. 1932 - Gustav Tauschek invents drum memory in Austria. 1936 - Konrad Zuse applies for a patent for his mechanical memory to be used on his computer. This computer memory is based on sliding metal parts. 1939 - Helmut Schreyer invents a prototype memory using neon lamps. 1942 - The Atanasoff-Berry Computer has 60 50-bit words of memory in the form of capacitors mounted on two revolving drums. For secondary memory, it uses punch cards. 1947 - Frederick Viehe of Los Angeles applies for a patent for an invention that uses magnetic core memory. Magnetic drum memory is independently invented by several people: An Wang invented the magnetic pulse controlling device, the principle upon which magnetic core memory is based.Kenneth Olsen invented vital computer components, best known for Magnetic Core Memory Patent No. 3,161,861 and as being the co-founder of Digital Equipment Corporation.Jay Forrester was a pioneer in early digital computer development and invented random-access, coincident-current magnetic storage. 1949 - Jay Forrester conceives the idea of magnetic core memory as it is to become commonly used, with a grid of wires used to address the cores. The first practical form manifests in 1952-53 and renders obsolete previous types of computer memory. 1950 - Ferranti Ltd. completes the first commercial computer with 256 40-bit words of main memory and 16K words of drum memory. Only eight were sold. 1951 - Jay Forrester files a patent for matrix core memory. 1952 - The EDVAC computer is completed with 1024 44-bit words of ultrasonic memory. A core memory module is added to the ENIAC computer. 1955 - An Wang was issued U.S. patent #2,708,722 with 34 claims for magnetic memory core. 1966 - Hewlett-Packard releases their HP2116A real-time computer with 8K of memory. The newly formed Intel starts to sell a semiconductor chip with 2,000 bits of memory. 1968 - USPTO grants patent 3,387,286 to IBMs Robert Dennard for a one-transistor DRAM cell. DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM (Random Access Memory) or Dynamic Random Access Memory. DRAM will become the standard memory chip for personal computers replacing magnetic core memory. 1969 - Intel begins as chip designers and produces a 1 KB RAM chip, the largest memory chip to date. Intel soon switches to being notable designers of computer microprocessors. 1970 - Intel releases the 1103 chip, the first generally available DRAM memory chip. 1971 - Intel releases the 1101 chip, a 256-bit programmable memory, and the 1701 chip, a 256-byte erasable read-only memory (EROM). 1974 - Intel receives a U.S. patent for a memory system for a multichip digital computer. 1975 - Personal consumer computer Altair released, it uses Intels 8-bit 8080 processor and includes 1 KB of memory. Later in the same year, Bob Marsh manufacturers the first Processor Technologys 4 kB memory boards for the Altair. 1984 - Apple Computers releases the Macintosh personal computer. It is the first computer that came with 128KB of memory. The 1 MB memory chip is developed.

Personal statement for master degree in english literature

For master degree in english literature - Personal Statement Example The romantic part of the story impressed me more than the historical situation which formed the backdrop to the novel. Later, I read the translated version of the book in my native language Farsi - once, and again several times over. Such is the power of this wonderful piece of literature. I read several other novels like Rebecca and Heartbeat and enjoyed reading them. I have read short stories of Guy de Maupassant and W. Somerset Maugham. Even as I was reading and appreciating them, I was evolving as a person, at times imagining myself in the roles of the protagonists, and many other times amazed at the closeness of the events/scenes/conflicts/characters in the stories with what I was familiar with in my young life. Literature is so compelling and true to life even as it influences and changes one’s personality and creates new dynamics in societies. The power of words and the art of story tellers cast a magic spell on me. Thus did my love for the subject of literature begin a nd made me to choose my academic path and career option. I wish to build upon my academic progress at the undergraduate course and achieve a higher level of proficiency in English and American literature. This is a natural progression of my chosen path and of a subject that is close to my heart. If I am selected to do this course in the prestigious California State University of Sacramento, I would consider myself blessed as it would enable me to achieve a much cherished ambition of even higher learning and acquiring a doctorate in literature in times to come. Compared to the scare resources and other facilities in my home country, this University of Sacramento has significantly higher reputation for facilities as well as academic ambience and guidance. It is this reputation that prompts me to apply for a seat in the University. Coming to the mundane issue, I have committed myself to the teaching line as a career option. Understandably, teaching and

Changing Working Practices in the Music Industry Essay

Changing Working Practices in the Music Industry - Essay Example One such case in point is the deal between the record company EMI and singing sensation Robbie Williams. The $80 million deal which was signed in 2002 allowed the record company to share the profits during his world tours and his merchandising profits. According to a music business consultant, in the year 2010 the sale of albums will contribute only 30% of the total profits, whereas the other 70% would comprise of merchandise sales as well as sales from musical tours. Keith Negus (1999, p.22) comments ‘While portable CD players, Walkmans and car stereos have made recorded music increasingly mobile, the products of the film industry must still be watched in the cinema or at home on a video machine.’ Four of the major record companies in the world are Warner Music, Sony/BMG, Universal and EMI. For a long time, they had monopolized the music industry but now the trend seems to be changing. On such example is the band Enter Shikari, which has released their debut album under its own record label. Many such examples abound in the music industry, and this is making the major record companies see red. EMI and Universal has already started to retrench, EMI having laid-off almost half of its employees. Keith Negus (1999, p.15) states ‘That the major entertainment corporations are continually seeking to control and thus maximize their profits from cultural production is a point that has been repeatedly emphasized by political economists.’ The only glimmer of hope of the major record companies is the potential of earning profits from the burgeoning internet download market. Some experts believe that record companies tying up with major download sites will help the record com panies to stay in the profit books for a longer time. It’s clear now where the music industry is drifting to. According to the American music industry trade body RIAA, the number of paid downloads from internet sites is on

Micro and Macro Management Essay Example for Free

Micro and Macro Management Essay Macro Management In a simple definition management is the person or persons who control or direct a business or other enterprise. However, management is much larger than just one person or small group of people. Management is also the practice of handling, supervision, direction, and control (www. dictionary. com). It is much larger than one person, or even a small group of people; management is everywhere. We use management in all aspects of our daily lives, whether it is organizing an event, or handling a purchase order. Management must be arranged through multiple levels in order to be successful, beginning with micro management, eventually its way up the ladder to macro management. Micro and macro components are the core make up of every business, each possessing different qualities and characteristics that form the overall building blocks to success. During the training of a new employee, most businesses use the micro-management process to provide the guidance and tools the employee needs to become successful with that business. Micro management is used my supervisors to observe and control the work of their employees. It involves giving employee smaller tasks, while they monitor and assess the work being done (www. dictionary. com). Micro management is often used in the beginning of any business or establishment; basically, you need to start somewhere. In the opening of a new business, guidance will always need to be offered from cooperate offices to ensure a clean transition in the opening process. Once a business is established, management will in turn micro manage their employees; guiding them through the procedures and responsibilities the company requires. Because micro managing involves supervisors overlooking the tasks their employees are undertaking, often times it is thought of as an unenthusiastic tactic. Through the eyes of an associate, micro managing can be de motivating, in turn creating doubt and lack of confidence in the workplace. Even though micro managing is used as an introductory tool, it can be drawn out for a longer duration of time. Distrust, skepticism, and uncertainty are typical feelings an employee may experience if their supervisor is abusing the method of micro managing. The role of manager is an important position of supervision in any organization. The supervisor/manager plays a key function, in the day to day needs of the organization, by finding a balance of work efficiency and managing personnel. This balance becomes even more prevalent when assigning projects or interacting with subordinates. This paper will analyze several aspects or pitfalls, managers could find themselves involved in; and will identify methods used to overcome these situations when supervising subordinates. The position of manager holds many responsibilities in an organization; those responsibilities range from dealing with requests from upper management and servicing employee’s needs, and while seeing to theses responsibilities, the manager still has to supervise the overall direction of his or her department. The multiple tasks a manager must operate within, requires the manager to be flexible and

Lord of the Flies :: Free Essay Writer

Lord of the Flies Literature versus Hollywood Many novels are such successful sellers that producers can’t wait to put the story onto the big screen. Most of the time the original novel is much better than the movie because it is able to capture the characters true emotions. In the novel â€Å"The Lord of the Flies† William Golding was trying to capture the reader’s imagination. Overall the novel is better then the movie because it has a better description of the characters thoughts and feelings. Symbolically it allows the reader to grasp the concepts that are not relevant throughout the movie. Unlike the novel, the movie is unable to capture the true essence of each character. This occurs because when something is transferred from writing into a production there is not enough time to portray each character in exact detail. In the novel Piggy is treated as the â€Å"Outsider†, but in the film the audience doesn’t clearly see his true emotions. Other characters such as Simon and Roger are portrayed in full detail in the novel, but in the movie they hardly appear at all. The movie failed to show Simon as a â€Å"Christ† figure, and Roger’s evil nature. Since the movie was not able to give the audience more information about the characters, their roles and emotions, it is not effective in giving a clear â€Å"picture†. The author’s use of symbols in the novel gives the reader more insight into the story. The novel depicts the most important messages. For example, Piggy’s glasses represent civilization, but once they are destroyed it shows how the boys no longer find anything wrong with their actions. Civilization begins to fade, and eventually it becomes a memory. Another symbol is the dead parachutist, the boys are letting their inner â€Å"Beast† slowly prevail, and you begin to see how real their evil spirits are coming. Little, by little the boys are turning devilish, but they don’t seem to realize the consequences of their action. One event which plays a significant role in the novel is Simon’s death. The boys have crossed the border of civilization to such a level, that they no longer recognize one another, and are killing ferociously, like savages. In the novel all of these symbols and events develop the plot, but in the film version the thoughts are very u nclear, and most are left out. Some similarities between the movie and the novel are that the characters are all involved.

Albert Camus Essay

How Aschenbach and Meursault in Death in Venice and The Stranger respectively, are driven by mind initially then change to being driven by the heart as the result of a key event In both The Stranger and Death in Venice, the characters change as the book progresses. There is mainly one action that sparks this drastic change. In The Stranger, this action is the murder of Raymond’s mistress’ brother, and in Death in Venice this critical moment occurs when Aschenbach has the sudden urge to travel. Aschenbach and Meursault are both characters that move from one extreme to the other. They begin as characters who make decisions based solely on what their mind tells them. As the novel develops, these characters move to the other extreme, which is making decisions based solely on what their heart tells them. This transition from extreme logical thinking to extreme emotional thinking is what leads to the downfall of both Aschenbach and Meursault. As the novel begins, Thomas Mann introduces Aschenbach as a fairly likable German writer. Initially the reader sees Aschenbach as a normal character anyone can relate to. He lives a very stable life, and has never traveled before. Aschenbach is a character who is extremely involved in his work and one who organizes his entire life based on how he can best achieve quality in his work. At this point in the novel Aschenbach makes all his decisions using his mind rather than his heart. While taking a stroll, Aschenbach sees a man with red hair as well as long teeth. It is this man that pushes his mind in to traveling. Aschenbach begins to change as soon as he sets his mind to travel. In his daydream regarding his adventure he envisions a â€Å"†¦ landscape, a tropical swampy region under a vapor-laden sky, damp, luxuriant and uncanny; it was like the portrait of a primitive world of islands morasses and slit-laden rivers† (pg 3, Mann). The symbol of Aschenbach’s departure on this journey is the sign of the beginning of his decline. It is from this point on that Aschenbach transforms from being a normal man who makes logical decisions with is brain, to one that makes decisions with his heart. As Aschenbach’s journey progresses, he notices many men with red hair and long white teeth like the one that inspired him to travel. This shows the constant rapid declining of Aschenbach. His first sight of Tadzio in the hotel marks the beginning of the extreme heart-driven Aschenbach. His description of Tadzio clearly portrays his obsession. â€Å"With astonishment Aschenbach observed that the boy was perfectly beautiful. His face, pale and charmingly secretive with the honey-colored hair curling around it, with its straight-sloping nose, its lovely mouth and its expression of sweet and divine earnestness recalled Greek statues of the noblest period, and, along with its extremely pure perfection of form, it was of such unique personal charm that the onlooker thought he had never come across anything so felicitous either in nature or in art† (pg 20, Mann). Once Aschenbach begins to follow Tadzio’s every step, the reader notices that Aschenbach is becoming more and more indulged in Tadzio’s life rather than his own. â€Å"His head and his heart were drunk, and his steps followed the dictates of that dark god whose pleasure it is to trample man’s reason and dignity underfoot†. Even when Aschenbach learns of an epidemic, he realizes that if he dies along with Tadzio, they will be able to meet in heaven. Aschenbach loses total control of his mind and gives in to Venice, a â€Å"city, half fairy tale and half tourist trap, in whose insalubrious air the arts once rankly and voluptuously blossomed, where composers have been inspired to lulling tones of somniferous eroticism. † Even when given the opportunity to leave Venice and escape cholera, his love for Tadzio weighs him down. Aschenbach then has fantasies about everyone else dying, and him being left alone with Tadzio. Now it can be clearly seen that Aschenbach’s passion is coming directly from the heart, and no thinking is being done on his part. This extreme obsession from Aschenbach’s heart immediately leads to his downfall. He dies in his chair, and it is hours before anyone notices. Albert Camus introduces Meursault as a character people are quite taken aback by.

Modernism Versus Postmodernism

Modernism vs. Postmodernism Post-modernism follows and shares many of the same ideas as modernism. Though, at the same time, they differ in many ways. These distinctions can be seen in the two works of literature, â€Å"Death of a Salesman† by Arthur Miller and â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† by David Mamet. â€Å"Death of a Salesman† represents the modernist literature. Modernism is a style of literature that came about after World War I in Europe. It emerged in the United States in the late 1920s. Modernism was the response to the commotion, which occurred during World War I.The narrator in the play is limited and omniscient; he or she observes the thoughts and actions of Willy, Biff, and other central characters in the story, a type of narration that was new to literature. Instead of writing literature objectively, many authors started to use a subjective writing style. Miller captures this in the character of Willy. The readers are able to see the world through th e eyes of this one character and what is going on inside of his head in many instances such as when he imagines seeing his brother and says â€Å"Ben, I’ve go to talk to you. †The idea of rejection of tradition but trying to find answers is one of the central themes throughout the play. The setting is captured around the American Dream. Willy, like the rest of men around him, only wish to have a perfect job to provide for a perfect family in a perfect home. Though, Willy’s job, family, and home are nowhere near perfect. Throughout the story, Willy struggles to live up to this materialistic society but is unable to and this is what leads to his downfall. Throughout the story he is looking for an answer, and he believes the answer is if he dies, his son, Biff, will be successful and rich.This leads to Willie’s death. Miller also shows the clear distinction between high and low popular culture. High culture, being the elite, and low culture, being the oneâ⠂¬â„¢s less well off. It is evident there are people who are better off than others in the play. Charlie is very well off and so is his son. Throughout the story, Willy collects money from him in order to support his family. He also tells him, â€Å"I offered you a job. You can make fifty dollars a week. And I won’t send you on the road† (Miller 96). There is a difference between Charlie and Willy’s well being, in that Charlie is able to provide jobs and Willy does not have a job.Modernism embraces the idea of a high culture. This is clearly evident because Willy is striving to become part of it. The idea of a low brawl is also evident, in which money is beauty. Because this play is subjective, and we see it through Willy’s eyes, money representing beauty and priority becomes a central idea throughout the play. In the play, it becomes evident that Willy does not know himself. Willy dies because of his inability to be happy and to be happy would mean he wo uld to know himself. Death of a Salesman also has a very ambiguous ending, which is another characteristic of modernist writing.It is left for the readers to identify and interpret that Willy has died and that not many people showed up to his funeral because he was not a well-liked person, even though he said he was. â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross† represents postmodernism literature. Postmodernism emerged during the late years of WWII and started to appear more during the mid 1980s. Instead of having a grand narrative, postmodernism has many narratives. Post-modernists ideas had a large affect on economy, politics, and the way people. These aspects can be seen in the play through the idea of capitalism and consumption.In â€Å"Glengarry Glen Ross,† the idea of consumption is wrong, which is contrary to â€Å"Death of a Salesman. † The want to make money leads to stealing, with Shelley breaking into the office and later becoming arrested for it. In the play, it is se en that money drives people to do crazy things and only leads to their downfall. Postmodernism proves to embrace the low culture, where the idea of elite, power, and money is not as important. Trying to make meaning becomes impossible and repressive and millions die in desire to create a great collective. Postmodernism is more accepting in regards to chaos.The idea of being okay in a world where there are no universal truths had become accepted. This can be seen in the play, because no characters are represented as true. They are living in a false world. This false world is made up of a false business with false leads and false people trying to sell them. When Shelly steals the leads, he is not doing anything different, because the leads are non-existent, imaginary properties that he stole to steal the money of other people, so in reality he is not stealing something of value and can relate to the rest of the characters.With this example, it is also seen that sympathy flows around. Mamet allows reader’s to like and relate to Shelley in some instances, like when he needs the money for his daughter, but at the same time Marnet allows us to dislike Shelley at some instances, because of his lying, scamming, and stealing. Our sympathy moves for different characters at different moments throughout the play, not only Shelley.

Global Positioning System

We have all been lost before, and have had trouble finding our way to where we want to get to. Now technology is helping us find our way. This technology is called Global Positioning System (GPS). Global Positioning System technology has been used by the military for about ten years now, and is just starting to be given practical uses in society today. GPS uses twenty-four satellites orbiting around the Earth to determine where you are. GPS has many different uses, and it doesnt just have to be used to help you find your way. GPS can also be used with computer software for practical uses, such as in farming, and has safety applications as well. Global positioning system uses twenty-four different military satellites, which were developed by the United States Department of Defence and it was first used in the Cold War . The military has been using GPS extensively for about ten years, using it in Desert Storm and modern practice. Only recently is GPS being used outside the military. It takes three satellites to find your position. Each of the satellites sends a radio signal down to your GPS receiver, and the receiver measures how long it takes the signals to get there. This happens very fast because the radio signals travel at the speed of light. The time the signal took to reach the receiver is then multiplied by the speed it was moving (approximately 186,000 miles per second), and that is how far you are away from that satellite. This is done with the other two satellites, and your location is then found within a few meters. That is basically how it works but you must also correct for any delays the signal experiences as it travels through the atmosphere. There are many uses for global positioning system. Some of the main uses are in cars, on boats and for wilderness sports such as canoeing, backpacking or mountain biking. Dave Hunter of Mississauga, was approaching Chicago ...

French-Themed Celebrations

French-Themed Celebrations For Francophiles, any time is a good time to celebrate French, but there is one holiday in particular that cries out for a French-themed party: Bastille Day. Here are some ideas for a party with some French panache.DecorationsIf youre going for patriotic Bastille Day colors, Americans have it easy: you can just reuse your red, white, and blue bunting from the 4th of July. You might also consider investing in some posters, or make your own by blowing up your favorite photos of France. If youre feeling artistic or playful, decorate place card with little drawings of the Eiffel Tower, or make tiny berets or French flags as party favors.DiscussionsTo get people in a chatty mood, consider one of these topic ideas:  Ã‚  Ã‚  - French quotations - offer up a few of your favorite Francophone words of wisdom for discussion.  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Today in Francophone history - talk about famous French people who share each guests birthday.  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Travel stories - anyone who has been to France wi ll be eager to talk about it. Set up a projector to swap stories and photos.  Ã‚  Ã‚  - French culture - theres no shortage of discussion topics when it comes to French movies, plays, literature...  Ã‚  Ã‚  - French is better than... everything - I put this together just for fun; see if you can add to my lists, or come up with new ones.  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Spanish is easier than French - fact or fiction?EntertainmentDont forget to have some nice French music playing in the background, or even a movie.Food and DrinkNothing says fà ªte like good French food and drinks. Some classic foods are cheese, crà ªpes, fondue, French onion soup, pà ¢tà ©, pissaladià ¨re, quiche, ratatouille, croissants, and a variety of French breads. For dessert, try chocolate mousse, and crà ¨me brà »là ©e. As for beverages, theres wine, champagne, pastis, chartreuse, coffee, and Orangina. Bon appà ©tit  !Vive la France!

Code of Ethics in Architectural Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Code of Ethics in Architectural Practice - Essay Example Through the use of a clearly defined set of ethical expectations on the conduct of architects, the AIBC can define the integrity of the profession of architecture in order to supply the public with credible and competent professionals who all conform to standards of practice. The AIBC (Architectural Institute of British Columbia) is a self-regulated, independent professional organization in Canada that provides entry for architects into their professional careers. By ensuring that the education and conduct of those in the profession of architecture adhere to their standards, the organization can help the public with hiring competent and worthy members for their work. The organization provides a resource for conflict resolution, as well as and advocacy an advisory program in order to service the public for understanding how, when, and why to hire an architect. The AIBC maintains a directory of members which allows the public to hire accredited and responsible architects. In the proces s of defining appropriate professional behaviors and administration of the position of architect, the AIBC provides a code of ethics in order to set standards for performance (AIBC) The Code of Ethics According to Quatman and Dhar, architects must adhere to â€Å"codes of ethics, building codes and professional standards of design† ( 352). Without these standards, the safety of the public will be at risk and the integrity of the profession would be compromised. Architects are required to be licensed, which requires 5600 hours of work experience and completion of the certification examination. The AIBC provides a complete code of ethics that architects are expected to abide by in order to ensure high quality production of work. The code has been released as a PDF so that all members can review and adhere to the structure of the code. The code begins by clarifying that when the word ‘architect’ is used, it should be applied to architects, architecture firms, as wel l as licensees and associates of AIBC. The bylaws of the organization require that a code of ethics be created and that each member reads this code of ethics and takes the following oath: Solemnly do I declare that having read and understood the Act of the Architectural Institute of British Columbia, its Bylaws and Code of Conduct, and having passed the examinations, I am eligible for membership. Further do I announce that I will uphold professional aims, and the art, and the science, of architecture and thereby improve the environment. I also accept with obligation the need to further my education as an architect. I promise now that my professional conduct as it concerns the community, my work, and my fellow architects will be governed by the ethics and the tradition of this honourable and learned profession (AIBC 4). According to the document, â€Å"This ‘oath’ underpins and informs the profession’s fundamental obligations and expectations of its members †Å" (AIDC 4). The reading and acceptance of the code is designed to ensure that all members of the organization, which should include all members of the architect profession, understand their responsibilities in regard to the ethics code. The first section deals with professional engagement. The code outlines the way in which the relationship between the architect and his or her client should be formed. The laws by which

Two Visions in The Heart of Darkness by Edward Said Essay

Two Visions in The Heart of Darkness by Edward Said - Essay Example Therefore, in a reflective analysis of the impact of colonialism and imperialism on the colonized nations as well as the visions provided in the novel Heart of Darkness, it becomes lucid that the author makes an important point when he refers to a network of interdependent histories. As Edward Said maintains in his article â€Å"Two Visions in The Heart of Darkness†, the network of interdependent histories provide the best illustration of why the former colonies of the European countries undergo a fundamental crisis in the cotemporary. The situation in these countries is not the result of self-inflicted wounds or the total responsibility of the colonizers. According to the author, â€Å"blaming the Europeans sweepingly for the misfortunes of the present is not much of an alternative. What we need to do is to look at these matters as a network of interdependent histories that it would be inaccurate and senseless to repress, useful and interesting to understand.† (Said, 4 22) A reflective analysis of the famous novel by Conrad, which reflects the imperialist settings of Africa, confirms that there is a network of interdependent histories which resulted in the contemporary situation of the post colonial world. The role of patriotism, chauvinism, ethnic, religious, religious, and racial hatreds in worsening the current situation makes the argument clear. In short, the author makes an essential point when he suggests that a network of interdependent histories have contributed to the contemporary.

Drawing on personal experience and theories covered in module, prepare Essay

Drawing on personal experience and theories covered in module, prepare a detailed argument to a sceptical audience justifying the advantages and effectiveness of group and team performance - Essay Example A group can be defined as ‘any number of people who interact with each other, are psychologically aware of each other, perceive themselves to be a group, and purposefully interact towards the achievement of particular goals or aim’. (Rollinson & Broadfield, 2008: 305) This is the accepted definition of a group which will be used throughout this paper. From this definition it can be seen, as Rollinson and Broadfield point out, that the group will necessarily be small, it does not include the coincidental gathering of people and the goals of the group are formed within it and may not necessarily correspond with the goals which the organization in which the group functions places upon it. The main advantage to working as part of a team is that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Each member of a team brings their own unique skills and talents and so there is a large pool of resources from which to draw. If harnessed in the right way, this can be a formidable force and potentially far more successful than the work of an individual alone. A sceptic might argue that these different ideas and approaches can lead to conflict, and this is certainly a risk which must be seriously considered when putting together a team. However, by choosing team members which compliment each other and managing the group successfully, these pit falls can be avoided. Rollinson and Broadfield (2008) argue that the key to the success of a group, and the way to avoid the potential issues mentioned above, is cohesion, so that each member works for the good of the group. They note that cohesion tends to be greater in mature groups. If the group can overcome the initial stages of forming and storming, it is likely that it will achieve long-term cohesion in the norming and performing stages. They note that cohesive groups are more productive, more dedicated and tend to suffer less from issues such as absenteeism. However, they also warn that cohesive groups can in turn

Grounded theory in research

Grounded theory in research Evaluate the contribution of grounded theory, as an approach to data analysis Introduction The concept of grounded theory is from the Glaser and Strauss research in 1967. In 1960s, they made a research for medical personnel to deal with an imminent death of the patients field observation in a hospital, and then discovered and developed the grounded theory. In this essay, I will evaluate the grounded theory in 5 parts. The first part is the characteristics of grounded theory; the second part is the procedure of grounded theory; the third part is comparison with other types of research methods and the forth part is the contribution of grounded theory research in management field, and the last part is the future of grounded theory. 1. The characteristics of grounded theory Some perspectives of grounded theory In Suddabys (2006) view, the grounded theory can be described as: â€Å"Grounded the ­ory is best understood historically. The methodology was developed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) as a reaction against the extreme positivism that had per ­meated most social research.† (Suddaby 2006, p.633) And Gephart (2004) points out: â€Å"Glaser and Strauss (1967) proposed grounded theory as a practical method for conducting re ­search that focuses on the interpretive process by analysing the â€Å"the actual production of meanings and concepts used by social actors in real settings† (Gephart, 2004, p.457). And another view is Glasers perspective (1992, p16), he argues that: â€Å"The grounded theory is a general methodology of analysis linked with data collection that uses a systematically applied set of methods to generate an inductive theory about a substantive area.† Grounded theory research method is a type of qualitative research which is based on induction. It used in many sociological research areas such as education, religion, and many others. Zhigang (2007) argued that the method is characterized by extracting the theory from the phenomenon to create or enrich existing theoretical system. In the view of Layder (1993), Grounded theory method is a process of generating a theory, which including constant comparison, thinking, analysis and transformation of information. The characteristics of emphasis on information and more interactive approach, which makes the researchers collect data by making use of a continuous and intimate interactions of the parties and events. In summary, in the first place, according to Zhigangs perspective,(2007) the grounded theory is a bottom-up approach to establish substantive theory, which is finding the core concepts reflects the social phenomenon based on systematical data collection, and then generate the relative theory through the links between these concepts. Secondly, grounded theory must be supported by empirical evidence, but it is not the main feature of grounded theory, the main feature is that it generates new theory or idea abstracted form the experience and data analysis. Lastly, in philosophical ideology, grounded theory approach is a paradigm based on the post-positivist, which emphasize on falsifying current theory which has been constructed. The comparative analysis the core of data analysis of grounded theory Strauss Corbin (1998) pointed out that the grounded theory emphasizes on development of the theory, but also the theory is based on the data collection of realities, and continuing data analysis through the comparison. The strategy of comparative analysis usually used in sociology research. In grounded theory, it is a very important process. Glaser and Strauss (1967) argued that it should be first contrasted the use of the method with certain other users in the research process, and then define and describe what type of theory be created through comparative analysis. The purpose of comparative analysis, as a strategic method for generating theory, is to obtain the accurate evidence, which is the difference between establishing theory and verifying theory. The evidence collected from some comparative groups, which is used to examine whether the original evidence was correct. The characteristic of comparative analysis for establishing theory or concept puts a high emphasis on theory as process. In other words, theory is not perfected; it needs develop continuously through comparative analysis. Glaser and Strauss (1967) believed that theory renders the reality of social interaction and its structural context as a process. The coding Coding is a key element of the data analysis in grounded theory. BaiKai and YuanBo (2009) argued that the encoding is the usually used technology in the qualitative research which is entirely different from quantitative research. In qualitative research, the purpose of coding is not counted, but rather deconstruction of information to form the concept. They would be re-arranged in different categories, in order to promote the comparison of information and proposition of theoretical concepts in one category. Zhigang (2007) points out that the effective use of the grounded theory primarily depends on the following two aspects: on the one hand, the researchers should make an effort to choose a meaningful direction or area of research. It is difficult to identify the gaps that may exist in the theoretical proposition; On the one hand, the researchers should pay attention to data collection and collation, and propose some theoretical assumptions and refining the new conclusions in accordance with the principles, steps and techniques of the grounded theory. 2. The procedure of the grounded theory In Strauss and Corbins view (1998), it is important that focus mainly on the process. They believe that the process is more important as describing and coding everything which is continuously changing. The process of grounded theory research made based on the view of Pandit. N (1996) Source: Pandit. N (1996) The Creation of Theory: A Recent Application of the Grounded Theory Method As can be seen clearly, there are mainly 3 phases in the process of grounded theory research design phase, data collection phase and data analysis. The whole process is started at review of technical literature and finished at reaching closure, but it is need to note here is that if the result is theoretical saturation after the theoretical sampling step, it should be restarted the second step selecting cases. According to the Suddabys view (2006), There are 2 key points in the method which described by Glaser and Strauss (1967) â€Å"constant comparison,† and â€Å"theoretical sampling,† in which data are collected and ana ­lysed simultaneously, and â€Å"theoretical sampling,† in which decisions about which data should be collected next are determined by the theory that is being constructed. Therefore, the most important steps in the process are data analysis and theoretical sampling, which are the key difference in contrast with other research methods. 3. Comparison with other methods of qualitative research Grounded theory and other various ways in social research have different advantages and disadvantages. Possibly different types of methods can be used in different areas. Researchers select different research methods, could means that they have different research ideas and objectives. At the same time, selection and use of methods could more depend on the topic or the attribute of research. The necessary requirement of obtaining the valuable research findings is the appropriate combination between objectives and methods of the research. Comparison with Hypothesis Testing The Hypothesis testing method is different from the Grounded theory method. The definition of Hypothesis testing can be described as: â€Å"Hypothesis testing research investigates a phenomenon in terms of a relationship between an independent and dependent variable, both of which are measurable numerically. This relationship is called a hypothesis. The aim of the research is to test whether the hypothesized relationship is actually true, using statistical methods.† (Auerbach and Silverstein, 2003, p.3) Although hypothesis testing and grounded theory are good research methods to do the research in some areas, there are some differences between them. The hypothesis testing method is mainly different from the grounded theory in the process of building theory. In hypothesis testing method, the hypothesis or idea has been generated first. Researchers can make hypothesis without any evidence, then they will look for the evidences or collect data and information to support their hypothesis or idea. In contrast, grounded theory is an inductive method which focuses on the discovery and does not rest on hypothesis testing but on building hypotheses according to the data and relative information. Suddaby (2006) point out: â€Å"Glaser and Strauss rejected positivist notions of falsification and hypothesis testing and, instead, described an organic process of theory emergence based on how well data fit conceptual categories identified by an observer, by how well the categories explain or pred ict ongoing interpre ­tations, and by how relevant the categories are to the core issues being observed.† (Suddaby, 2006, p.634) It is clear that the hypothesis testing a grounded theory would be used in different fields, such as the hypothesis could be used for working out the mathematics problem and grounded theory could be used in the research in the social areas. Which method can be chosen for research depends on the objectives of the research. Comparison with Ethnography Creswell (1998) argued that ethnography involves prolonged observation of the group, typically through participant observation in which the research is immersed in the day to day lives of thepeople or through one on one interviews with members of the group. Clearly, the ethnography method could be more used in the research of human, culture and language etc. From the view of Creswell (1998, p148), the following table can describe the differences between grounded theory and ethnography in data analysis process. Data analysis and representation Grounded theory Ethnography Data managing Create and organize files for data Create and organize files for data Reading, Memoing Read through text, make margin notes, form initial codes Read through text, make margin notes, form initial codes Classifying Engage in axial coding Engage in open coding Analyse data for themes and patterned regularities Interpreting Engage in selective coding Develop a conditional matrix Interpret and make sense of findings Representing, Visualizing Present a visual theory Present propositions Present narrative presentation augmented by tables, figures and sketches Source: Creswell, J. (1998) Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions As can be seen clearly, the most difference between grounded and ethnography is from classifying step to visualizing step. The 3 core coding steps play an important role in the data analysis of grounded theory, which make the grounded theory can be developed through the constant comparison. And also it is one of the advantages of grounded theory in contrast with other qualitative methods as an approach to data analysis. Mello and Flint (2009) believe that the grounded theory primarily uses interviews, but also uses observation and documents analysis like an ethnography method. It differs from an ethnography method because of its purpose, which is to build theory. Like many other interpretive qualitative approaches, grounded theory has helped other disciplines open up fruitful new avenues of research. Hammersley (1990) argues that much ethnography places emphasis on the ‘description as an important purpose of research, there are other strands that focus on a form of ‘theoretical description. However, while Glaser and Strauss think that grounded theory is related to the wider context of qualitative analysis and method. The grounded theory approach is highly distinctive and unlike other types of qualitative methods. 4. Grounded Theory in management research It is no doubt that the grounded theory can be used in a wide range of research such like nursing, business and management, mathematics and many types of sociology. Then, I will talk about the contribution of grounded theory focus on the business and management area. Firstly, the following table gives some examples of the grounded theory used in management research. Examples of grounded theory in management research Example references Senior executives and IT Systems development Managing understanding in orgnisations Organisational culture Staff perspectives on work Retailer response to manufactures low-cost programmes Rural women entrepreneurs Competitive strategy and manufacturing Process technology Building co-operation in competitive industries Consumer behaviour Advertising and mass media Marketing Career development Electronic data interchange Leadership in organisations Strategic alliances Ideal business images for women Tourist behaviour Employment outcomes Seeley and Targett (1997) King (1996), Calloway and Ariav (1995) Brown (1994, 1995) Turner (1981, 1988) Clegg et al. (1996) Nuefeldt et al. (1996) Manning et al. (1998) Egan (1997) McKinley-Wright (1995) Schroeder and Congden (1995) Congden (1995) Browning et al. (1995) Houston and Venkatesh (1996) Goulding (1999b,1999c,2000b,2000c) Hirschman and Thompson (1997) Burchill and Fine (1997) De la Cuesta (1994) Beard (1989) Sperber-Richie et al. (1997) Crook and Kumar (1998) Parry (1998) Hunt and Ropo (1995) Lang (1996) Kimle and Damhost (1997) Riley (1995, 1996) Mullins and Roessier (1998) Source: Goulding, C. (2002) Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide for Management, Business and Market Researchers From the table above, it is obvious that the grounded theory can be used in many researches about business and explores a wide range of management problems. â€Å"These situations merely serve to demonstrate the transcending nature of grounded theory and its potential for application in the field of management research.† (Goulding, 2002, p.51) Taking the marketing field as an example, â€Å"grounded theory has begun theoretical development in the areas of the creation of a market oriented firm, moving away from previous research that merely described what a market oriented firm looks like.† (Gebhardt, Carpenter, and Sherry, 2006, citied in Mello, and Flint (2009) A Refined View of Grounded Theory and Its Application to Logistics Research p.109) 5. Grounded theory in the future What grounded theory will happen in the future? It is no doubt that the grounded theory will be used for doing research in the wider range of fields. Increasing researchers will choose the grounded theory as the first choice. Youhui (1996) think that one of the characteristics of grounded theory method is that the discover believe that it is necessary to generate theory in the research of sociology and both data analysis and theory building should be focused in qualitative research and any other research methods. Therefore, the grounded theory method is ideally suited to the areas such as: the existing theoretical system which is not perfected, the phenomenon which is very difficult to effectively explain, or the new areas and phenomenon which has no systematical theory currently. About the Justifying Grounded Theory in the future, Glaser described it as: â€Å"The future will bring less need to legitimize grounded theory; hence, there will be less need to justify using it. Now, many researchers have to explain it and argue for its use. Its future portends that grounded theory will be as accepted as are other methods (e.g., surveys) and will require little or no explanation to justify its use in a research project.† (Glaser, B.G. 1999, pp.845) Charmaz (2005 citied in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2005) Handbook of Qualitative Research) believe that a major strength of the grounded theory is that they provide tools for analysing process, and these tools hold much potential for studying social justice issues. She also believed that coding practices can help us to see our assumptions, as well as those of our research participants. Rather than raising our code to a level of objectively, we can raise questions about how and why we developed certain codes. Grounded theory has its own advantages, it is to believe that grounded theory will be developed deeper and suitable for the research, Charmaz (2005 citied in Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. (2005) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research 3rd ed.) write that: â€Å"As its best, grounded theory provides methods to explicate an empirical process in ways that prompt seeing beyond it. By sticking closely to the leads and explicating the relevant process, the researcher can go deeper into meaning and action than given in words. Thus, the focused inquiry of grounded theory, with its progressive inductive analysis, moves the work theoretically and covers more empirical observations than other approaches. In this way, a focused grounded theory portrays a picture of the whole.† (Charmaz, 2005, pp.529) Conclusion To sum up, the grounded theory has a wider use range than other methods. For those social areas which lack current theory and some phenomenon which lack enough evidence and explanation, the grounded theory method is an effective analytical technique as an approach of data analysis. This method not only can help researchers to use inductive methods to abstract the basic theory from the phenomenon in the research, but also it is a good way to build and develop the theoretical system gradually to achieve the combination with the current theory effectively. There are many contributions of grounded theory in many different areas such as business, education, medicine and other many others. In terms of many advantages and characteristics of grounded theory, we believe that it will be use in more range of social research as an approach to data analysis and developed more to be accepted by more researchers. Reference Auerbach, C.F. and Silverstein, L.B. 2003 Qualitative Data: an Introduction to Coding and Analysis. New York University BaiKai and YuanBo. 2009. The analysis of impression series by Grounded theory Journal of Shaanxi Administration School Vol.23, No.1 pp.15-20 Borgatti, S. 2009. ‘Introduction to Grounded Theory [Online] [Accessed Nov 2009] Available From Creswell, J. 1998. Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions Sage Publications. London Denzin, N.K. and Lincoln, Y.S. 2005. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research 3rd ed. California: Sage Publication Gephart, R. P. 2004. Qualitative research and the Academy of Management Journal. Academy of Management Journal, Vol.47, pp.454-462 Glaser, B.G. 1992. Basics of Grounded theory Analysis Mill Valley, CA: Sociology Press Glaser, B. G. 1999. The Future of Grounded Theory Qualitative Health Research, Vol. 9, No. 6, November pp.836-845 Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. New York: Aldine De Gruyter Goulding, C. 2002. Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide for Management, Business and Market Researchers. London: Sage Publications Hammersley, M. 1990. Whats wrong with ethnography? The myth of theoretical description. Sociology, Vol. 24, pp.597-615 Layder, D. (1993) New Strategies in Social Research: An Introduction and Guide Cambridge: Polity Press Mello, J. and Flint D. J. 2009. A Refined View of Grounded Theory and Its Application to Logistics Research Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 30, No. 1, 107—108 Pandit, N. 1996. The Creation of Theory: A Recent Application of the Grounded Theory Method The Qualitative Report, Vol. 2, No. 4 2009 Strauss, A and Corbin, J. 1998. Basics of Qualitative Research California: Sage Publications Suddaby, R. 2006. From The Editors: What Grounded Theory Is Not Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp.633-642 Youhui Hu. (1996) Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Local Women Case Studies Research Taipei: Juliu Publications Zhigang Li. 2007. The Study of Grounded Theory in Business Research. Journal of East Forum. Vol.4, pp.90-94

A Room with a Japanese View :: Haircuts Culture Personal Narrative Papers

A Room with a Japanese View It's the wee hours of Saturday morning in a quiet all female low-rise dorm room at NDSU. Residents are either sleeping soundly or out having a good time some place off campus. But in one dorm room a social gathering is in full swing. I'm not talking about a swing dance either. As I walk down my motel-looking dorm hallway, I hear a male's voice with a sharp and harsh intonation. I pause in front of the door for a second, my curiosity piqued. There is silence for a moment and then I hear the voice again and I realize it's not English, but Japanese. I proceed down the hall, shuffling in my slippers, not wanting to be an eavesdropper. On my return I hear a loud electric razor coming from the same room. Again I pause in front of the wooden door, brightly decorated with two nametags, Yoko and Michelle, made by the creative RAs of our dorm (All names are pseudonyms). What's going on in there, I wonder. I see Yoko weekly at the International Student Association meeting, but only k now that she's from Japan and is here to learn English. I knock at the door, still hearing the razor and voices in the background. The door pops open and I'm greeted by a petite Japanese girl with dyed brown hair. It’s Yoko. She invites me in and I see the pile of different sized shoes near the door. My Hong Kong etiquette that I learned when I lived overseas with my family comes back to me and I promptly take off my shoes. To my left I see Kiyo, a tall Japanese guy with spiky hair, standing behind Watashi, who is quietly sitting down with a black garbage bag covering his upper body. There are garbage bags covering the floor around them and short pieces of black hair decorate the dark plastic. The haircutter and haircutee don’t say much to me. Watashi just says â€Å"hi† when I come in the door and then looks down to prevent getting freshly clipped hair in his brown eyes. Yoko walks towards them and checks out the progress. Cutting hair in the dorms is something one doesn’t see often. I don’t think most guys cut their hair in the dorms like this.

Explore Shakespeare’s dramatic presentation of Macbeth in Act 1 Essay

Explore Shakespeare’s dramatic presentation of Macbeth in Act 1 discussing how audiences have responded then and now Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare between 1603 and 1606, features a Scottish warrior called Macbeth, whose life is totally changed by the prophecies of three witches. It shows how a hardened warrior such as Macbeth, who can nearly win battles on his own, can be mentally destroyed by a series of events which happen over a few days. The play starts gloomily and with a sinister feeling about it; there is thunder and lightning which in Shakespeare’s play mean there is going to be trouble ahead, and things will not be as they seem to be, giving and immediate warning to the audience, while the three witches begin to cast their spells. Shakespeare opens with the witches to show their domination over the events which are forthcoming to the play. In everything that the witches say, they deliberately confuse and talk in riddles: ‘When the battle is lost and won’ and ‘Fair is foul’ and ‘Foul is fair’ which sets the scene for what happens later in the play. The language creates a cloud over events, leaving the audience confused and puzzled over what is to happen to Macbeth and the other characters in the rest of the play. It leaves a dilemma in the audience mind as they make up their own minds on Macbeth’s character as he is linked with their evil since they intend to meet him. Shakespeare fixes the historical setting in scene 2, which is set in camp near the battlefield; it reveals that there was unrest in Scotland at that time, as the Kings army are fighting a group of rebels led by the then Thane of Cawdor. This scene again gives information about Macbeth, but this time it tells the audience that Macbeth is a hardened warrior who will kill for the honour of his King and country. The captain describes how both Macbeth and Banquo fought on regardlessly even though tired, against the villainous low life rebels, giving the historical context. The captain describes how they destroyed and slaughtered the enemy and how they should have been killed because they were so outnumbered, which leads Duncan to praise the two warriors, practically calling them Supermen: ‘noble’ and ‘valiant’. The audience has now seen the two sides of Macbeth: good and bad, it is up to them to decide whether or not he is good, valiant and honourable, or evil, murderous and possessed. It is only Scene 3 when the audience finally sees Macbeth, speaking to the witches, when they start to make prophecies about Macbeth, initially calling him: ‘Thane of Glamis’ which he inherited from his father. Next they say: ‘All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor’ and then: ‘All hail Macbeth, that shalt be King hereafter’. This describes the past: Thane of Glamis, which he already is; the present: Thane of Cawdor, because he becomes it later in this scene; and the future with the prophecy of him becoming King. Macbeth is obviously extremely interested, but Banquo is more hesitant. He sees these words as just things they say to build up Macbeth’s confidence and are not the truth. ‘Instruments of Darkness’. Scene 4 begins with Macbeth saying ‘The service and loyalty I owe,’ which makes him seem honourable, he then goes on to flatter Duncan by saying. In doing it pays itself. Your Highness’ part is to receive our duties, and our duties are to your throne and state, children and servants, which do but what they should be doing everything safe toward your love and honour.’ All this is an attempt to win over Duncan, as he has already won a battle for him and flattery he hopes the prophecy of his becoming King will become a truth. Duncan is clearly flattered and replies ‘I have begun to plant thee and will labour to make thee full of growing.’ Since Duncan wants to give him more rewards, this will definitely raise the hope of Macbeth that he will become heir to the throne. However, Macbeth’s dreams are shattered by what Duncan is to say next: ‘Our eldest, Malcolm, whom we name hereafter The Prince of Cumberland’, meaning that Malcolm, not Macbeth, is to be the next King. The audience is as shocked by Macbeth at this sudden event after the earlier build up and would sympathise with Macbeth whose balloon has been popped and is crashing to the ground. He is extremely angry and distraught at Duncan as after everything he has done for him. It was his greatest desire to become King of Scotland, a dream shattered by Duncan, who surely must pay for what he has done- or will Macbeth carry on being loyal to his King in hope of future rewards? Will the wait for the third prophecy come true? This is a difficult decision for the audience to make as Macbeth has been associated with evil earlier in the act, but also has, done good deeds for his King. The audience ponders on which way he will turn-towards good, or evil-and will anyone influence his decision? In the next scene Shakespeare begins to answer the audiences questions as scene 5 is set in Macbeth’s castle, where Lady Macbeth is reading a letter from Macbeth describing the events. Macbeth describes his success saying that he knows more than ‘mortal knowledge’, adding that witches predicted he will be King, but does not tell her that he was not made Prince of Cumberland. He says that she must think about the news because he knows she is greedy and he is tempting her by telling her what happened. The audience will see that the only reason Macbeth wrote it was because he was angry and distraught. Lady Macbeth is definitely tempted by this, determined that Macbeth will be King and she will be Queen. Yet she recognises that Macbeth is too ‘nice’ to go about it the quickest way and that he will want to do it the ‘right’ way. Her main plan is to win Macbeth over, so that he will kill Duncan and whoever else he must do to gain the crown, intending to manipulate and ‘nag’ M

Paradise Lost by John Milton Essay

1 – ‘Language has the ability to make sin look attractive’ Tis Pity was published by John Ford in 1633 and is set in Italy, the heart of the Renassiance. John Milton published Paradise Lost in 1667, relatively soon after John Ford, and was the first epic poem to be written in blank verse. Both writers push the boundaries of literature by exploring untouched, taboo subjects: incest and The Fall of Man. During this period of time, soon after the Renassiance period, many artists and writers were challenging society by introducing a range of different styles and genres. This meant that Ford and Milton both intended to tempt controversy through their pieces of literature; yet, the seductive choice of language has instead caused an attractiveness to both texts. It is this attraction to the language, and utter skill behind these writer’s intentions, that has enabled both texts to withstand the test of time. In Book Nine of Paradise Lost, Milton begins to introduce Satan as the Serpent; however, he manages to draw the audience away from Satan’s intentions by presenting his physical beauty. As the Serpent ‘Addressed his way’ towards Eve, with the desire to cause corruption, he moves ‘not with intended wave’. Instead, he towers ‘fould above fould a surging Maze’, with the colours of ‘Verdant Gold’. By giving the Serpent distinct characteristics, he is separating him from the other creatures in the Garden of Eden, therefore drawing Eve’s attention to his uniqueness. The repetition of ‘fould above fould’ gives the sense of an illusion, something which Eve’s eyesight is unable to comprehend; which is then reinforced by ‘surging Maze’, giving this illusion speed and power, causing a greater confusion on Eve’s behalf. The vivid description of ‘verdant Gold’ gives the Serpent a very rich colouring, thus reiterating his importance in the Garden. When Satan finally decides to confront Eve, he becomes ‘erect’, giving himself a sense of empowerment. This is when Milton’s narration confirms the beauty of his language, as he mentions how ‘pleasing was his shape / and lovely’. For an audience, this outside interpretation almost gives a sense of comfort, as they too are lost in his physical beauty. Finally, as the Serpent begins to speak, his ability to compliment and seduce enables him to make his way ‘into the heart of Eve’. There are clear similarites between Satan in Paradise Lost and Vasques in Tis Pity: both have a masterful use of rhetoric. As Vasque attempts to gather information from Putana, he mentions how her – by proving themselves  to be devoted to these women, they are appealing to their naivity and giving a false sense of trust. Their seductive use of language causes them to become ‘impassioned’, as they begin to realise their ability to attract these women. The absence and withdrawal of language in both texts is equally as attractive to an audience. In Paradise Lost Book Nine, the pivotal point when Eve eats the Forbidden Fruit is simply expressed in four words, ‘she plucked, she eat’. The use of these monosyllables reinforces how emphasis can be achieved through simplicity. Extending on this further, Milton’s constant elaboration and care to detail is deliberately dismissed here to send an even greater message to his audience: mankind cannot blame Eve for causing the Fall as she simply ‘ate’ the fruit. By refusing to focus on Eve’s decision to eat the Fruit, he is daringly challenging conventional views that women are the only cause of sin. John Ford in Tis Pity has a similar intention through his portrayal of Hippolyta; her refusal to be silenced goes against the view of women’s inferiority. This is achieved in Act Two Scene two, as she powerfully enters with ‘Tis I;’. These two words are separate from the rest of her speech in order to hold suspense and give her a greater presence on stage. Ford’s intention is for the audience to immediately be drawn to her in preparation for her criticism towards Soranzo. As both Ford and Milton are so skilled in writing ‘attractively’ and deliberately trying to engage an audience, it is even more effective when they suddenly withdraw; the audience become responsible in using their own imagination, in attempt to understand the message these writers intend to express. In Tis Pity, the most effective use of language is through convincing an audience that Giovanni and Annabella have a natural, loving relationship. In Act One Scene Two, when Giovanni admits his love for Annabella and she responds evenly, he ends the scene with ‘After so many tears as we have wept, let’s learn to court in smiles , to kiss and sleep’. Finally Giovanni is no longer impassioned, ‘I have too long suppressed the hidden flames’, and is instead able to appreciate the natural rawness of their love. Not only that, but by referring to their ability to ‘weep, smile, kiss and sleep’, he is expressing emotions which audiences are able to relate to; proving that their relationship isn’t as unnatural as first assumed. During this particular moment, the audience become so engaged in the text that they forget about the theme of incest and instead support the  purity of their relationship. John Milton’s depiction of Satan creates a similar sense of curiosity into the ability to sympathise with him. This is highlighted when he observes Eve for the first time and becomes ‘of enmitie disarm’d/ of guile, of hate, of envie, of revenge’. The repetition of ‘guile, hate, envie, revenge’ proves how Satan is gradually striped of his emotions associated with evil, and is instead left vulnerable through his admiration. The power of Eve’s beauty forces him to become ‘abstracted’ from his own evil, thus demonstrating the ability to respond humanely. During this moment, Milton is allowing the audience the opportunity to make their own viewpoint of Satan; isolated from the conventional, one-dimensial presentation of him. The beauty of both texts is not caused by convincing the audience that sin is ‘attractive’, but instead pushing them into sympathising, admiring and simply enjoying pieces of literature beyond expectation.